Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Gene Transcription
... Although a single gene (NR3C1) codes for the glucocorticoid receptor protein, this gene can give rise to several isoforms with unique expression profiles [34, 35]. In addition, post-translational modifications of these isoforms further expand the diversity of responses to glucocorticoids. Besides the ...
... Although a single gene (NR3C1) codes for the glucocorticoid receptor protein, this gene can give rise to several isoforms with unique expression profiles [34, 35]. In addition, post-translational modifications of these isoforms further expand the diversity of responses to glucocorticoids. Besides the ...
Understanding Lignification: Challenges Beyond
... recent identification of MYB58 and MYB63, two Arabidopsis transcription activators specific for lignin biosynthesis (Zhou et al., 2009), highlights an alternative approach to discover candidate genes involved in lignifications such as monolignol transporter and oxidase genes. Overexpression of MYB58 ...
... recent identification of MYB58 and MYB63, two Arabidopsis transcription activators specific for lignin biosynthesis (Zhou et al., 2009), highlights an alternative approach to discover candidate genes involved in lignifications such as monolignol transporter and oxidase genes. Overexpression of MYB58 ...
Transient Exposure to Ethylene Stimulates Cell Division and Alters
... Most of ethylene’s known effects on plant development have been observed during continuous ethylene treatments. We wanted to examine the consequence of transient exposure to ethylene, and therefore documented the structural changes that took place following exposure to exogenous ethylene. We chose t ...
... Most of ethylene’s known effects on plant development have been observed during continuous ethylene treatments. We wanted to examine the consequence of transient exposure to ethylene, and therefore documented the structural changes that took place following exposure to exogenous ethylene. We chose t ...
A molecular framework for the inhibition of
... (ABA). It has recently been shown that gibberellins regulate Arabidopsis root growth by promoting cell proliferation (Achard et al. 2009; Ubeda-Tomás et al. 2009). In addition, ethylene regulates root growth by stimulating auxin biosynthesis and by modulating the transport machinery of this hormone ...
... (ABA). It has recently been shown that gibberellins regulate Arabidopsis root growth by promoting cell proliferation (Achard et al. 2009; Ubeda-Tomás et al. 2009). In addition, ethylene regulates root growth by stimulating auxin biosynthesis and by modulating the transport machinery of this hormone ...
Lymphoid Organs in Mice T Cells from Gut
... (21). Upon bacterial infection, we observed no change in surface a4b7 levels on CD8+ T cells from mice that lack functional MyD88, indicating that a4b7 downregulation is mediated by TLR signaling (Fig. 2A). In contrast, treatment of splenocytes with PMA, a MyD88-independent activator of protein kina ...
... (21). Upon bacterial infection, we observed no change in surface a4b7 levels on CD8+ T cells from mice that lack functional MyD88, indicating that a4b7 downregulation is mediated by TLR signaling (Fig. 2A). In contrast, treatment of splenocytes with PMA, a MyD88-independent activator of protein kina ...
Gozo, Malta - Gozo College Boys` Secondary School
... Section B: Answer Question 1 and any other 2 Questions. 1. Read the following passage and then answer the questions: Viruses and Pandemic flu Flu pandemics emerge unpredictably every generation or so, with the last three striking in 1918, 1957 and 1968. They get their start when one of the many infl ...
... Section B: Answer Question 1 and any other 2 Questions. 1. Read the following passage and then answer the questions: Viruses and Pandemic flu Flu pandemics emerge unpredictably every generation or so, with the last three striking in 1918, 1957 and 1968. They get their start when one of the many infl ...
medline:93194904
... TNF-alpha were released into the culture media. Although okadaic acid provides a ...
... TNF-alpha were released into the culture media. Although okadaic acid provides a ...
Proteolytic Activation of Sterol Regulatory
... net result of Insig action is to decrease lipid synthesis whenever sterols accumulate to high levels within membranes. Human Insig-1 is composed of 277 amino acids (3), whereas human Insig-2 contains 225 amino acids (4). Both are deeply embedded in ER membranes through the presence of six membrane-s ...
... net result of Insig action is to decrease lipid synthesis whenever sterols accumulate to high levels within membranes. Human Insig-1 is composed of 277 amino acids (3), whereas human Insig-2 contains 225 amino acids (4). Both are deeply embedded in ER membranes through the presence of six membrane-s ...
Subthreshold High-Frequency Electrical Field
... High-frequency stimulation led to an increased NGF and NT-3 protein and gene expression with subsequent induction of neuronal cell growth and hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo (8). However, as opposed to the present study, this effect was dependent on neuronal cell membrane depolarization, since supr ...
... High-frequency stimulation led to an increased NGF and NT-3 protein and gene expression with subsequent induction of neuronal cell growth and hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo (8). However, as opposed to the present study, this effect was dependent on neuronal cell membrane depolarization, since supr ...
A New Paradigm in Cellular Biology Gerson, Ling, Cope, Sodi
... In many degenerative processes cells are swollen with water and sodium, (38) they have lost potassium and no longer function normally. Healthy cells maintain high levels of potassium (K+) as long as they suffer no chemical or physical damage and have sufficient ATP. ATP is used to keep the cell p ...
... In many degenerative processes cells are swollen with water and sodium, (38) they have lost potassium and no longer function normally. Healthy cells maintain high levels of potassium (K+) as long as they suffer no chemical or physical damage and have sufficient ATP. ATP is used to keep the cell p ...
Human Cardiac-Derived Adherent Proliferating Cells Reduce
... The aim of the present study was to verify whether the newly identified cardiac-derived CAPs share these features and whether they have the potential to be used as a cell source to reduce acute CVB3-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. In order to be considered for clinical use, CAPs or any other ce ...
... The aim of the present study was to verify whether the newly identified cardiac-derived CAPs share these features and whether they have the potential to be used as a cell source to reduce acute CVB3-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. In order to be considered for clinical use, CAPs or any other ce ...
Responses Mediated Downregulation of B Cell
... this affects their function upon stimulation. Our hypothesis is that in aging there is a feedback mechanism of autocrine inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a) that lowers the expression of AID and CSR. Our results showed that unstimulated B cells from old BALB/c mice make significantly more TNF-a mRNA and ...
... this affects their function upon stimulation. Our hypothesis is that in aging there is a feedback mechanism of autocrine inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a) that lowers the expression of AID and CSR. Our results showed that unstimulated B cells from old BALB/c mice make significantly more TNF-a mRNA and ...
Biggins
... Pds1p. Because the spindle checkpoint inhibits APC activation, Pds1p levels are stabilized when the spindle checkpoint is active. Wild-type and ipl1-321 temperature-sensitive mutant cells containing epitope-tagged Pds1-myc18 protein were arrested in G1 with ␣-factor, and then released to the nonperm ...
... Pds1p. Because the spindle checkpoint inhibits APC activation, Pds1p levels are stabilized when the spindle checkpoint is active. Wild-type and ipl1-321 temperature-sensitive mutant cells containing epitope-tagged Pds1-myc18 protein were arrested in G1 with ␣-factor, and then released to the nonperm ...
Development
... stimulates cell division in tobacco protoplasts (Röhrig et al., 1995). (5) The expression of the early nodulin gene ENOD40 is transiently induced in soybean roots by external treatment of the plants with chitin pentaose (Minami et al., 1996). These data support a hypothesis that (lipo)chitin oligosa ...
... stimulates cell division in tobacco protoplasts (Röhrig et al., 1995). (5) The expression of the early nodulin gene ENOD40 is transiently induced in soybean roots by external treatment of the plants with chitin pentaose (Minami et al., 1996). These data support a hypothesis that (lipo)chitin oligosa ...
Expression and transcriptional activity of progesterone receptor A
... HepG2 cells. PRA had similar anti-estrogenic effects on endogenous estrogen receptor activation of a minimal estrogen-responsive reporter in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in the presence of RU 38486 [8]. When the estrogen-responsive region of the pS2 gene was used as a reporter in MCF-7 cells, however, ...
... HepG2 cells. PRA had similar anti-estrogenic effects on endogenous estrogen receptor activation of a minimal estrogen-responsive reporter in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in the presence of RU 38486 [8]. When the estrogen-responsive region of the pS2 gene was used as a reporter in MCF-7 cells, however, ...
Transformation of Clostridium Thermocellum by Electroporation
... regions that are homologous to regions flanking the gene target on the C. thermocellum chromosome. These homologous flanks should be 500– 1000 bp in length and are referred to as “50 flank” and “30 flank.” Additionally, there is a third region with homology to the gene target. Typically, this region ...
... regions that are homologous to regions flanking the gene target on the C. thermocellum chromosome. These homologous flanks should be 500– 1000 bp in length and are referred to as “50 flank” and “30 flank.” Additionally, there is a third region with homology to the gene target. Typically, this region ...
Minireview - of /home/sholmes/web
... synthesized H3 and H4 (52), which would be inconsistent with parental tetramer splitting during chromatin replication. Additional experiments then confirmed the stability of radiolabeled old H3/H4 tetramers through a single round of replication (52). Nucleosome Disruption during DNA Replication In a ...
... synthesized H3 and H4 (52), which would be inconsistent with parental tetramer splitting during chromatin replication. Additional experiments then confirmed the stability of radiolabeled old H3/H4 tetramers through a single round of replication (52). Nucleosome Disruption during DNA Replication In a ...
A Rab4-like GTPase in Dictyostelium discoideum
... vacuoles that are acidified and contain acid hydrolases (Rodriguez-Paris et al., unpublished data; Padh et al., 1993; Aubry et al., 1993; Cardelli et al., 1989). Fluid-phase components then enter larger post-lysosomal compartments of neutral pH from which they are egested (Padh et al., 1993; Aubry e ...
... vacuoles that are acidified and contain acid hydrolases (Rodriguez-Paris et al., unpublished data; Padh et al., 1993; Aubry et al., 1993; Cardelli et al., 1989). Fluid-phase components then enter larger post-lysosomal compartments of neutral pH from which they are egested (Padh et al., 1993; Aubry e ...
The Golgi Apparatus
... about in the plane of the membrane • This behavior leads to the description of a membrane as a fluid mosaic – Molecules can move freely within the membrane – A diversity of proteins exists within the membrane ...
... about in the plane of the membrane • This behavior leads to the description of a membrane as a fluid mosaic – Molecules can move freely within the membrane – A diversity of proteins exists within the membrane ...
Cell dynamics of folding in two
... results will focus on B0 = –1). For a two-dimensional model consisting of 16 monomers, there are 49 possible contact interactions. Each sequence is defined by a particular choice of the values of these interactions. ~ As the first set we consider the 49 interaction energies Bij of Dinner et al. [18] ...
... results will focus on B0 = –1). For a two-dimensional model consisting of 16 monomers, there are 49 possible contact interactions. Each sequence is defined by a particular choice of the values of these interactions. ~ As the first set we consider the 49 interaction energies Bij of Dinner et al. [18] ...
The ventral and posterior expression of the zebrafish homeobox
... unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmental process comes from data accumulated in the last century ...
... unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmental process comes from data accumulated in the last century ...
118 - University of Oxford
... to laying through several hours afterwards has been subdivided into 14 stages [31, 50]. Cell division is dominant during stages I - VI, and morphogenetic movements begin during stages VII-X, when cells of the central blastodisc, called the area pellucida (cf. Figure 1), separate from the yolk, produ ...
... to laying through several hours afterwards has been subdivided into 14 stages [31, 50]. Cell division is dominant during stages I - VI, and morphogenetic movements begin during stages VII-X, when cells of the central blastodisc, called the area pellucida (cf. Figure 1), separate from the yolk, produ ...
Osmo-Sensitive and Stretch-Activated Calcium
... guard cells (Cosgrove and Hedrich, 1991). However, regulatory mechanisms of SA Ca21 channels in the PM of guard cells and their roles in signal remain to be elucidated. Actin microfilaments are dynamic cellular components and they can be assembled or disassembled into actin monomers at spatially def ...
... guard cells (Cosgrove and Hedrich, 1991). However, regulatory mechanisms of SA Ca21 channels in the PM of guard cells and their roles in signal remain to be elucidated. Actin microfilaments are dynamic cellular components and they can be assembled or disassembled into actin monomers at spatially def ...
Biofilms: a biological antimicrobial resistance system
... nucleic acids and in microbial enzymes. Resistance to these substances is achieved by the aforementioned mechanisms but with some peculiarities. Moreover, resistance to disinfection is frequently associated with the presence of biofilms on surfaces. The definition of resistance needs to be clarified ...
... nucleic acids and in microbial enzymes. Resistance to these substances is achieved by the aforementioned mechanisms but with some peculiarities. Moreover, resistance to disinfection is frequently associated with the presence of biofilms on surfaces. The definition of resistance needs to be clarified ...
Expression of the nidogen-binding site of the laminin γ1 chain
... production of the basement membrane (Smyth et al., 1999), a structure crucial for the normal development of many epithelia (Murray and Edgar, 2000). Results from a multitude of sources (Paulsson et al., 1987; Mann et al., 1988; Aumailley et al., 1989; Fox et al., 1991; Aumailley et al., 1993) sugges ...
... production of the basement membrane (Smyth et al., 1999), a structure crucial for the normal development of many epithelia (Murray and Edgar, 2000). Results from a multitude of sources (Paulsson et al., 1987; Mann et al., 1988; Aumailley et al., 1989; Fox et al., 1991; Aumailley et al., 1993) sugges ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.