Regulatory roles of cyclin dependent kinase phosphorylation in cell
... (residue Thrl61, or T161, in human Cdc2; see Fig. 1) [1]. Active, T161-phosphorylated and cyclin-bound Cdk can be inhibited by phosphorylation of two conserved residues within the catalytic cleft (residues Tyrl5 [Y15] and T h r l 4 [T14] in human Cdc2; see Fig. 1). Although these regulatory phosphor ...
... (residue Thrl61, or T161, in human Cdc2; see Fig. 1) [1]. Active, T161-phosphorylated and cyclin-bound Cdk can be inhibited by phosphorylation of two conserved residues within the catalytic cleft (residues Tyrl5 [Y15] and T h r l 4 [T14] in human Cdc2; see Fig. 1). Although these regulatory phosphor ...
Steel Factor Induces Serine Phosphorylation of
... proteins on a tyrosine immediately distal to the SH2 domain induces their homo- or hetero-dimerization through phosphotyrosine-SH2 interactions. As a consequence, they translocate to the nucleus, bind to specific promoter elements, and induce gene expression.' Although SLF has been found to act syne ...
... proteins on a tyrosine immediately distal to the SH2 domain induces their homo- or hetero-dimerization through phosphotyrosine-SH2 interactions. As a consequence, they translocate to the nucleus, bind to specific promoter elements, and induce gene expression.' Although SLF has been found to act syne ...
Function of BMPs and BMP Antagonists in Adult Bone
... mass with reduced osteoblast activity and bone formation activity.37 Importantly, the intense expression of sclerostin in osteocyte emerges as a negative regulator,38 which controls the fate of osteoblasts on bone surface through canalicurae. The high expression of sclerostin similar to other BMP an ...
... mass with reduced osteoblast activity and bone formation activity.37 Importantly, the intense expression of sclerostin in osteocyte emerges as a negative regulator,38 which controls the fate of osteoblasts on bone surface through canalicurae. The high expression of sclerostin similar to other BMP an ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell
... data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring-shaped phragmoplast. Phragmoplast initials arise from clusters of polar microtubules (MTs) during late anaphase. At their equatorial planes, cell plate a ...
... data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring-shaped phragmoplast. Phragmoplast initials arise from clusters of polar microtubules (MTs) during late anaphase. At their equatorial planes, cell plate a ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring-shaped phragmoplast. Phragmoplast initials arise from clusters of polar microtubules (MTs) during late anaphase. At their equatorial planes, cell plate a ...
... data demonstrate that this process can be divided into four phases: phragmoplast initials, solid phragmoplast, transitional phragmoplast, and ring-shaped phragmoplast. Phragmoplast initials arise from clusters of polar microtubules (MTs) during late anaphase. At their equatorial planes, cell plate a ...
Drug resistance patterns and susceptibility to
... B I . However, in the strains of COh examined the Same degree of relationship between antibiotic resistance and action of aflatoxin B1 was not observed because the organism grew at this low concentration of aflatoxin B1 (10 pg/ml). Binding of aflatoxin BI by bacteria decreased progressively with the ...
... B I . However, in the strains of COh examined the Same degree of relationship between antibiotic resistance and action of aflatoxin B1 was not observed because the organism grew at this low concentration of aflatoxin B1 (10 pg/ml). Binding of aflatoxin BI by bacteria decreased progressively with the ...
Motilities Swimming, Swarming, and Twitching Adherent Phenotypic
... Bacteria in natural habitats usually grow as biofilms, organized communities of cells embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix and attached to a surface (5). In recent years, much has been learned about how cells initiate biofilm formation (43, 49). Escherichia coli mutants defective in bi ...
... Bacteria in natural habitats usually grow as biofilms, organized communities of cells embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix and attached to a surface (5). In recent years, much has been learned about how cells initiate biofilm formation (43, 49). Escherichia coli mutants defective in bi ...
Early and late endosomal compartments of Entamoeba histolytica
... enzyme, acid phosphatase, has also been implicated in host cell destruction [13, 14]. Despite the importance of the E. histolytica endo-lysosomal and secretory systems in nutrition and invasion of the organism, relatively little is known about the molecular factors governing these systems including ...
... enzyme, acid phosphatase, has also been implicated in host cell destruction [13, 14]. Despite the importance of the E. histolytica endo-lysosomal and secretory systems in nutrition and invasion of the organism, relatively little is known about the molecular factors governing these systems including ...
Dynamics of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Sizers, and Timers
... The dynamics of the signaling network A detailed dynamical analysis of the signaling network outlined schematically in Fig. 1, focusing on the roles of cyclin synthesis and degradation, positive feedback facilitated by CDC25 and wee1, negative feedback facilitated by SKP2 or APC, and CKI, is provide ...
... The dynamics of the signaling network A detailed dynamical analysis of the signaling network outlined schematically in Fig. 1, focusing on the roles of cyclin synthesis and degradation, positive feedback facilitated by CDC25 and wee1, negative feedback facilitated by SKP2 or APC, and CKI, is provide ...
Effects of Organic Cations on the Gram-negative Cell
... and perhaps fulfil the function of organic cation and surface active agent simultaneously. Anionic and non-ionic surface active agents were ineffective as replacements for HAPS. The fact that each component of the bactericidal system containing EDTA, DDA, HAPS and Na,CO, was required for full activi ...
... and perhaps fulfil the function of organic cation and surface active agent simultaneously. Anionic and non-ionic surface active agents were ineffective as replacements for HAPS. The fact that each component of the bactericidal system containing EDTA, DDA, HAPS and Na,CO, was required for full activi ...
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends through minimal
... although K81 is absolutely necessary for telomere protection at fertilization, it does not seem to be required during spermatogenesis (Dubruille et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2011). Indeed, no chromosomal defects have been observed in the male germline of K81-mutant males (Fuyama, 1984; Yasuda et al., 1 ...
... although K81 is absolutely necessary for telomere protection at fertilization, it does not seem to be required during spermatogenesis (Dubruille et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2011). Indeed, no chromosomal defects have been observed in the male germline of K81-mutant males (Fuyama, 1984; Yasuda et al., 1 ...
Regulative germ cell specification in axolotl embryos: a primitive trait
... specified cell-autonomously. Several studies have demonstrated that BMPs (members of the TGF-b family of signalling molecules) secreted from adjacent extraembryonic tissues are required for the production of PGCs in mouse embryos (Lawson et al. 1999; Ying & Zhao 2001; Ying et al. 2001). Moreover, re ...
... specified cell-autonomously. Several studies have demonstrated that BMPs (members of the TGF-b family of signalling molecules) secreted from adjacent extraembryonic tissues are required for the production of PGCs in mouse embryos (Lawson et al. 1999; Ying & Zhao 2001; Ying et al. 2001). Moreover, re ...
PDF Datastream - Brown Digital Repository
... Efforts to characterize proteins found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria have been steadily increasing due to the promise of expanding our understanding of fundamental bacterial processes such as cell wall biogenesis as well as the promise of finding potential vaccine- or drug-targets ...
... Efforts to characterize proteins found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria have been steadily increasing due to the promise of expanding our understanding of fundamental bacterial processes such as cell wall biogenesis as well as the promise of finding potential vaccine- or drug-targets ...
I. Bone Structure
... 3. During their development, membranelike layers of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue appear at the sites of their future bones. 4. Dense networks of blood vessels supply the connective tissue layers. 5. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. 6. Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themse ...
... 3. During their development, membranelike layers of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue appear at the sites of their future bones. 4. Dense networks of blood vessels supply the connective tissue layers. 5. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. 6. Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themse ...
Western et al., 2001 - UBC Blogs
... glutaraldehyde (unless otherwise stated) and stained with Toluidine blue. A, Mature wild-type ovule (0 d after pollination [DAP]). B, Wild-type seed coat at 4 DAP. Amyloplasts are visible (arrow) in the outermost two cell layers. C, Wild-type seed coat at 7 DAP. The amyloplasts are larger (arrow) an ...
... glutaraldehyde (unless otherwise stated) and stained with Toluidine blue. A, Mature wild-type ovule (0 d after pollination [DAP]). B, Wild-type seed coat at 4 DAP. Amyloplasts are visible (arrow) in the outermost two cell layers. C, Wild-type seed coat at 7 DAP. The amyloplasts are larger (arrow) an ...
Document
... sponse to RBC loss, have a longer lifespan. Without performing a correction for these so-called ‘shift’ reticulocytes, the ...
... sponse to RBC loss, have a longer lifespan. Without performing a correction for these so-called ‘shift’ reticulocytes, the ...
Quantifying the range of a lipid phosphate signal in vivo
... Lipids can act as extracellular signaling molecules to influence many aspects of cell behavior, including cell migration. For example, the amoeboid cells of Dictyostelium migrate towards sources of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Jalink et al., 1993), and the circulation of T lymphocytes is dependent o ...
... Lipids can act as extracellular signaling molecules to influence many aspects of cell behavior, including cell migration. For example, the amoeboid cells of Dictyostelium migrate towards sources of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) (Jalink et al., 1993), and the circulation of T lymphocytes is dependent o ...
fist: an Arabidopsis mutant with altered cell division planes and
... Control of cell division orientation is thought to be a critical aspect of morphogenesis in plants. Plant cells are glued together by the middle lamella and, thus, are not able to move relative to one another during development. As a consequence, organ and body shape are generated by other cellular ...
... Control of cell division orientation is thought to be a critical aspect of morphogenesis in plants. Plant cells are glued together by the middle lamella and, thus, are not able to move relative to one another during development. As a consequence, organ and body shape are generated by other cellular ...
Document
... increased physical activity, especially with new repetitive mechanical loads on bone (as sustained in military bootcamp activities). In all cases, the repair of a fracture is a highly regulated process that involves overlapping stages: ...
... increased physical activity, especially with new repetitive mechanical loads on bone (as sustained in military bootcamp activities). In all cases, the repair of a fracture is a highly regulated process that involves overlapping stages: ...
the cortical rotation, the wnt pathway
... dual-kinase mechanism. First Casein Kinase 1α (one of the first protein kinases to be discovered) phosphorylates a serine, and only then GSK-3 can phosphorylate the other Ser/Thr residurs. Once the two most amino-terminal Ser are phosphorylated, the protein is recognized by β-Trcp (Slimb in Drosophi ...
... dual-kinase mechanism. First Casein Kinase 1α (one of the first protein kinases to be discovered) phosphorylates a serine, and only then GSK-3 can phosphorylate the other Ser/Thr residurs. Once the two most amino-terminal Ser are phosphorylated, the protein is recognized by β-Trcp (Slimb in Drosophi ...
Plant Physiology
... is visible within the root hair (rh). Some areas where intercellular invasions have occurred are indicated by the short arrows. x225. B, Root hairs (rh) with aborted infection threads (it) containing R. mefiloti exoA mutants. The intercellular space (is) is packed with rhizobia. The open arrows indi ...
... is visible within the root hair (rh). Some areas where intercellular invasions have occurred are indicated by the short arrows. x225. B, Root hairs (rh) with aborted infection threads (it) containing R. mefiloti exoA mutants. The intercellular space (is) is packed with rhizobia. The open arrows indi ...
Mechanisms of Host Plant Infection by the Parasitic Angiosperm
... themselves by photosynthesis. Therefore, in order to survive and reproduce, these highly adapted parasites infect other plants to steal their water and nutrients. They do so by developing specialized infection organs called haustoria that, in a successful infection, grow into the tissue of the host ...
... themselves by photosynthesis. Therefore, in order to survive and reproduce, these highly adapted parasites infect other plants to steal their water and nutrients. They do so by developing specialized infection organs called haustoria that, in a successful infection, grow into the tissue of the host ...
hematopoietic stem cells: to be or notch to be
... formation and regeneration both in the embryo and the adult 2 The hematopoietic system has served for decades as a pioneer model for studying and deciphering the behavior of somatic Stem Cells and the mechanisms that regulate cell differentiation, and in fact, the knowledge generated on hematopoieti ...
... formation and regeneration both in the embryo and the adult 2 The hematopoietic system has served for decades as a pioneer model for studying and deciphering the behavior of somatic Stem Cells and the mechanisms that regulate cell differentiation, and in fact, the knowledge generated on hematopoieti ...
Distinct Cellular Expression Pattern of Annexins in Hydra vulgaris
... A hydra has a simple body plan. It is essentially a tube with a head at one end and a foot at the other. The head consists of the hypostome, a domelike mouth structure surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The foot is a disc of cells that secrete a sticky substance which anchors the animal to surfaces. ...
... A hydra has a simple body plan. It is essentially a tube with a head at one end and a foot at the other. The head consists of the hypostome, a domelike mouth structure surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The foot is a disc of cells that secrete a sticky substance which anchors the animal to surfaces. ...
A pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, NPG1, interacts with
... High levels of Ca21 and its oscillations at the tube tip are likely recognized by Ca21 sensors, which mediate Ca21 signals10,21. Ca21 binding can cause conformational changes in its sensors, thus modulating the sensor’s activity, and/or modulating its binding affinity to the target proteins, whose f ...
... High levels of Ca21 and its oscillations at the tube tip are likely recognized by Ca21 sensors, which mediate Ca21 signals10,21. Ca21 binding can cause conformational changes in its sensors, thus modulating the sensor’s activity, and/or modulating its binding affinity to the target proteins, whose f ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).