Intermediate Filaments Regulate Tissue Size and Stiffness in the
... is the tissue-level organization of fiber cells. These highly elongated cells (⬃2 ⫻ 5 ⫻ 10,000 m in humans) are aligned and stacked with an unparalleled degree of order and precision,6 – 8 a tissue-level attribute that has been demonstrated to be critical for optical clarity.9,10 To further reduce ...
... is the tissue-level organization of fiber cells. These highly elongated cells (⬃2 ⫻ 5 ⫻ 10,000 m in humans) are aligned and stacked with an unparalleled degree of order and precision,6 – 8 a tissue-level attribute that has been demonstrated to be critical for optical clarity.9,10 To further reduce ...
High-Molecular-Weight Forms of Tyrosinase and the
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
... TRP-2 migrated exclusively in a hig h - molecul ar-we ig ht form, as expected from its behavior on mol ecul ar sieve HPLC (Fig 1b, bottom). No TRP-2 was detected in association with th e peak of "free" tyrosinase from HPLC (Fig lb, lOp), Triton X-1 00 was used only in the initial phase of the purifi ...
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine facilitates age
... extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibrillar collagen (18, 30, 38). In addition to ECM accumulation, inflammation is a key component of cardiac aging (13, 48). Higher levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines are observed in elderly people, even in the absence of chronic disease (3, ...
... extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibrillar collagen (18, 30, 38). In addition to ECM accumulation, inflammation is a key component of cardiac aging (13, 48). Higher levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines are observed in elderly people, even in the absence of chronic disease (3, ...
the extracellular electrical current pattern and its variability in
... density between follicles of the same stage. Different media (changed osmolarity or pH, addition of cytoskeletal inhibitors or juvenile hormone) were tested for their effects on extrafollicular currents. The current density was consistently influenced by the osmolarity of the medium but not by the o ...
... density between follicles of the same stage. Different media (changed osmolarity or pH, addition of cytoskeletal inhibitors or juvenile hormone) were tested for their effects on extrafollicular currents. The current density was consistently influenced by the osmolarity of the medium but not by the o ...
Rat Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Show Specificity of
... demonstrated phagocytosis to be a highly specific process. RPE cells bound 4 0 - 2 5 0 x more ROS than RBC, 30x more ROS than algae, and 5× more ROS than bacteria or yeast. Ingestion was more specific than binding; RPE cells ingested 970x more ROS than RBC, 140x more ROS than bacteria, and 35x more ...
... demonstrated phagocytosis to be a highly specific process. RPE cells bound 4 0 - 2 5 0 x more ROS than RBC, 30x more ROS than algae, and 5× more ROS than bacteria or yeast. Ingestion was more specific than binding; RPE cells ingested 970x more ROS than RBC, 140x more ROS than bacteria, and 35x more ...
Vitronectin is expressed in the ventral region of the neural tube and
... 70% humidity. Embryos were staged as described previously (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). Vitronectin Chick serum vitronectin was purified as described by Kitagaki-Ogawa et al. (1990). In short, after a brief centrifugation, chicken serum (Seralab) was passed through a heparin-agarose column (Biorad ...
... 70% humidity. Embryos were staged as described previously (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). Vitronectin Chick serum vitronectin was purified as described by Kitagaki-Ogawa et al. (1990). In short, after a brief centrifugation, chicken serum (Seralab) was passed through a heparin-agarose column (Biorad ...
The AP-3 adaptor complex is required for vacuolar function
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
... Subcellular trafficking is required for a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. It involves regulation of cargo sorting, vesicle formation, trafficking and fusion processes at multiple levels. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are key regulators of cargo sorting into vesicles in yeast and mammals ...
Physical interaction between pRb and cdk9/cyclinT2 complex
... that after cdk2 and cdc2 phosphorylation, indicates that, at least in vitro, the three cdk complexes share several target phosphoresidues, but cdk9 kinase activity involves only serine residues (De Luca et al., 1997). During preliminary studies of cdk9/cyclin T complexes, we performed immunoprecipit ...
... that after cdk2 and cdc2 phosphorylation, indicates that, at least in vitro, the three cdk complexes share several target phosphoresidues, but cdk9 kinase activity involves only serine residues (De Luca et al., 1997). During preliminary studies of cdk9/cyclin T complexes, we performed immunoprecipit ...
The Ocular Lens Epithelium
... the more active compartment of the ocular lens. For the purposes of this review we will only discuss the surface epithelium that covers the anterior face of the adult ocular lens. This single layer of cells, in addition to acting as a metabolic engine that sustains the physiological health of this t ...
... the more active compartment of the ocular lens. For the purposes of this review we will only discuss the surface epithelium that covers the anterior face of the adult ocular lens. This single layer of cells, in addition to acting as a metabolic engine that sustains the physiological health of this t ...
The maxillary recess of the sphenoid sinus
... Examples of migrating extramural cells by the ethmoid into adjacent structures are consistently variable. Such extramural ethmoid cell migration occurs when these cells migrate to the floor of the orbit or infraorbital cells; these cells are called Haller cells in honor of August von Haller who orig ...
... Examples of migrating extramural cells by the ethmoid into adjacent structures are consistently variable. Such extramural ethmoid cell migration occurs when these cells migrate to the floor of the orbit or infraorbital cells; these cells are called Haller cells in honor of August von Haller who orig ...
Paradigm Shifts In Neural Induction - Works
... caused these cells to produce a new neural tube. So the ectoderm was seen as having two major fates : neural if underlain by the notochord,- and epidermal if it were not underlain by the notochord. The default state was for these ectodermal cells to become epidermis. New information concerning the i ...
... caused these cells to produce a new neural tube. So the ectoderm was seen as having two major fates : neural if underlain by the notochord,- and epidermal if it were not underlain by the notochord. The default state was for these ectodermal cells to become epidermis. New information concerning the i ...
Robust methods for purification of histones from cultured
... play a role in modifying chromatin structure for DNA-templated processes in the eukaryotic nucleus, such as transcription, replication, recombination and repair; thus, histone PTMs are considered major players in the epigenetic control of these processes. Linking specific histone PTMs to gene expres ...
... play a role in modifying chromatin structure for DNA-templated processes in the eukaryotic nucleus, such as transcription, replication, recombination and repair; thus, histone PTMs are considered major players in the epigenetic control of these processes. Linking specific histone PTMs to gene expres ...
Plant Growth Regulators II: Cytokinins, their Analogues and
... complicated by the fact that environmental factors e.g. light, water status, wounding, pathogens - may modify responses and indeed hormone levels themselves. The reason for this appears to be that hormones (and growth regulators) and environmental factors share many components in their transduction ...
... complicated by the fact that environmental factors e.g. light, water status, wounding, pathogens - may modify responses and indeed hormone levels themselves. The reason for this appears to be that hormones (and growth regulators) and environmental factors share many components in their transduction ...
Influence of ovarian muscle contraction and oocyte growth on egg
... the muscle sheath in egg chamber development and demonstrate the necessity of germ cell growth for its elongation. By contrast, during early stages of degeneration, the muscle sheath is hyper-contractile. This condition correlates with both precocious and enhanced elongation in the egg chamber, like ...
... the muscle sheath in egg chamber development and demonstrate the necessity of germ cell growth for its elongation. By contrast, during early stages of degeneration, the muscle sheath is hyper-contractile. This condition correlates with both precocious and enhanced elongation in the egg chamber, like ...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
The Role of Scleraxis in Heart Valve Development and Disease
... stratified layers of elastins, collagens and proteoglycans that collectively provide all of the necessary biomechanical properties for structure-function relationships throughout life. In contrast, diseased valves that suffer from MMVD are pathologically thickened and characterized by an abnormal ab ...
... stratified layers of elastins, collagens and proteoglycans that collectively provide all of the necessary biomechanical properties for structure-function relationships throughout life. In contrast, diseased valves that suffer from MMVD are pathologically thickened and characterized by an abnormal ab ...
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... Besides specifiying different cell fates as a morphogen, SHH also has an effect on proliferation: for example, the expansion of the neocortex, diencephalon, tectum and cerebellum depends on SHH signalling [66–70]. This growth-promoting function is probably mediated through transcriptional upregulati ...
... Besides specifiying different cell fates as a morphogen, SHH also has an effect on proliferation: for example, the expansion of the neocortex, diencephalon, tectum and cerebellum depends on SHH signalling [66–70]. This growth-promoting function is probably mediated through transcriptional upregulati ...
Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... neoformans, have been found to release virulence factors in vesicles, suggesting that this is a widely used strategy for pathogenic microbes to deliver a noxious cargo to target immune cells (12, 13). Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles ...
... neoformans, have been found to release virulence factors in vesicles, suggesting that this is a widely used strategy for pathogenic microbes to deliver a noxious cargo to target immune cells (12, 13). Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles ...
Axis-inducing activities and cell fates of the zebrafish organizer.
... suggested the possibility that anterior specification in zebrafish, similar to mouse, requires spatially distinct activities. The fact that the embryonic shield of another teleost fish, Perca, is capable of inducing complete secondary axis formation, however, suggests that part of the organizer’s ac ...
... suggested the possibility that anterior specification in zebrafish, similar to mouse, requires spatially distinct activities. The fact that the embryonic shield of another teleost fish, Perca, is capable of inducing complete secondary axis formation, however, suggests that part of the organizer’s ac ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis in Oomycetes
... Necrotrophs live exlusively on dead host tissues. The plant pathogenic Oomycetes have been most characterized while much less is known about the animal pathogens. Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato blight, belongs to the well studied plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora (Agrios, 2005). ...
... Necrotrophs live exlusively on dead host tissues. The plant pathogenic Oomycetes have been most characterized while much less is known about the animal pathogens. Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato blight, belongs to the well studied plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora (Agrios, 2005). ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).