Eph/ephrin signaling maintains the boundary of
... DFCs-I, a single cluster of DFCs (as seen in WT embryos); DFCs-II, several dispersed clusters of DFCs with a major one; DFCs-III, one cluster of DFCs with some DFCs moving away anteriorly following involution; DFCs-IV, many small clusters of DFCs and involuting cells (Fig. 3N). As shown in Fig. 3O, ...
... DFCs-I, a single cluster of DFCs (as seen in WT embryos); DFCs-II, several dispersed clusters of DFCs with a major one; DFCs-III, one cluster of DFCs with some DFCs moving away anteriorly following involution; DFCs-IV, many small clusters of DFCs and involuting cells (Fig. 3N). As shown in Fig. 3O, ...
IDETIFYIG GEES THAT REGULATE SECODARY GROWTH I POPLAR
... the plant body called meristems. The well characterized shoot and root apical meristems are responsible for vertical growth, in which many key players have been well studied. Lateral (secondary) growth is controlled by the vascular and cork cambiums, which are much less understood. A rapid growth of ...
... the plant body called meristems. The well characterized shoot and root apical meristems are responsible for vertical growth, in which many key players have been well studied. Lateral (secondary) growth is controlled by the vascular and cork cambiums, which are much less understood. A rapid growth of ...
A possible stress physiological role of abscisic acid
... Abscisic acid (ABA) conjugates, predominantly their glucose esters, have recently been shown to occur in the xylem sap of different plants. Under stress conditions, their concentration can rise substantially to levels that are higher than the concentration of free ABA. External ABA conjugates cannot ...
... Abscisic acid (ABA) conjugates, predominantly their glucose esters, have recently been shown to occur in the xylem sap of different plants. Under stress conditions, their concentration can rise substantially to levels that are higher than the concentration of free ABA. External ABA conjugates cannot ...
Cooperative Regulation of Cell Polarity and Growth by Drosophila
... oncogenic transformation. The disruption of epithelial architecture seen in scrib, dlg, and lgl animals could affect growth control by several mechanisms. Many growth factor receptors are polarized to a specific membrane domain, and mislocalization of such proteins may affect signaling pathways that ...
... oncogenic transformation. The disruption of epithelial architecture seen in scrib, dlg, and lgl animals could affect growth control by several mechanisms. Many growth factor receptors are polarized to a specific membrane domain, and mislocalization of such proteins may affect signaling pathways that ...
Functional Analysis of Class 1 RSL Genes in Caulonema and
... PpARPC encodes the subunit of the actin-related protein2/3 (Arp2/3) complex. The actinrelated protein2/3 (Arp2/3) complex regulates actin filament dynamics which play an important role in shaping the actin cytoskeleton (Mullins et al., 1998; Harries et al., 2005; Perroud and Quatrano, 2006). In P. p ...
... PpARPC encodes the subunit of the actin-related protein2/3 (Arp2/3) complex. The actinrelated protein2/3 (Arp2/3) complex regulates actin filament dynamics which play an important role in shaping the actin cytoskeleton (Mullins et al., 1998; Harries et al., 2005; Perroud and Quatrano, 2006). In P. p ...
A motif of eleven amino acids is a structural adaptation that
... A prolyl residue and three glycyl residues are present in the eutherian motif and together these residues might constitute a kink with a flexible random coil. Substitutions were made to replace proline 159 with valine (P159V) and the adjacent glycine with alanine (G160A) in gerbil prestin, Zf(g) and ...
... A prolyl residue and three glycyl residues are present in the eutherian motif and together these residues might constitute a kink with a flexible random coil. Substitutions were made to replace proline 159 with valine (P159V) and the adjacent glycine with alanine (G160A) in gerbil prestin, Zf(g) and ...
Construction of the yeast whole-cell Rhizopus oryzae lipase
... et al., 2009). Yeast cell surface display systems have been widely studied, and many heterologous enzymes have been displayed on yeast cell surfaces as whole-cell biocatalysts (Murai et al., 1999; Kondo and Ueda, 2004). It has been proven to be effective to display lipases on yeast cell surfaces for ...
... et al., 2009). Yeast cell surface display systems have been widely studied, and many heterologous enzymes have been displayed on yeast cell surfaces as whole-cell biocatalysts (Murai et al., 1999; Kondo and Ueda, 2004). It has been proven to be effective to display lipases on yeast cell surfaces for ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
FrontPage 2003
... A layout table is a framework that organizes the content of an entire page You can use a layout table instead of creating a new Web page and then adding a table to it Each cell in a layout table can contain content such as images, text, and hyperlinks ...
... A layout table is a framework that organizes the content of an entire page You can use a layout table instead of creating a new Web page and then adding a table to it Each cell in a layout table can contain content such as images, text, and hyperlinks ...
Displacement of the medial rectus pulley in superior oblique
... densest pulley regions, but the flatness of muscle tendons and the density of connective tissue in the more anterior image planes made it difficult to distinguish contours by which muscle or pulley position could be judged. The image plane 3 mm anterior to the globe- optic nerve junction was the mos ...
... densest pulley regions, but the flatness of muscle tendons and the density of connective tissue in the more anterior image planes made it difficult to distinguish contours by which muscle or pulley position could be judged. The image plane 3 mm anterior to the globe- optic nerve junction was the mos ...
Sialic Acid Binding Domains of CD22 Are Required For Negative
... previously, the R130A and R137E mutations are unlikely to disrupt the overall structure of CD22 (10, 11). Indeed, we found that the P2 mutant can still bind two CD22 mAbs, CY34 (which binds to the Ig-like 1 and 2 ectodomains) and NIM-R6. The DEL mutant, which contains a deletion of the Ig-like domai ...
... previously, the R130A and R137E mutations are unlikely to disrupt the overall structure of CD22 (10, 11). Indeed, we found that the P2 mutant can still bind two CD22 mAbs, CY34 (which binds to the Ig-like 1 and 2 ectodomains) and NIM-R6. The DEL mutant, which contains a deletion of the Ig-like domai ...
A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps
... enzymatic activity of AN9 is not required for the AN9-dependent vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins, suggesting that AN9/BZ2 serves as ligandins most likely for stabilization, but possibly also for escorting anthocyanins (e.g. cyanidin 3-glucoside) from the ER to the tonoplast (Mueller et al., 20 ...
... enzymatic activity of AN9 is not required for the AN9-dependent vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins, suggesting that AN9/BZ2 serves as ligandins most likely for stabilization, but possibly also for escorting anthocyanins (e.g. cyanidin 3-glucoside) from the ER to the tonoplast (Mueller et al., 20 ...
Dazl regulates mouse embryonic germ cell development
... experiments using retroviral integration indicate that all primordial germ cells arise from at least three progenitor cells (Soriano and Jaenisch, 1986). These results were more recently verified using a multiple fluorescent imaging approach (Ueno et al., 2009). ...
... experiments using retroviral integration indicate that all primordial germ cells arise from at least three progenitor cells (Soriano and Jaenisch, 1986). These results were more recently verified using a multiple fluorescent imaging approach (Ueno et al., 2009). ...
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the
... signaling pathway required for response to many extracellular ligands. The pathway includes receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and their substrate transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). The JAK/STAT cascade has emerged as an essential reutilized f ...
... signaling pathway required for response to many extracellular ligands. The pathway includes receptor-associated tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and their substrate transcription factors, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). The JAK/STAT cascade has emerged as an essential reutilized f ...
abscisic acid signal transduction
... ABA stimuli to particular responses. It should be emphasized that many concepts about the relative importance of these components in the ABA signaling network are far from firmly established. Nonetheless, it is clear that the present development of single-cell systems should allow some of these comp ...
... ABA stimuli to particular responses. It should be emphasized that many concepts about the relative importance of these components in the ABA signaling network are far from firmly established. Nonetheless, it is clear that the present development of single-cell systems should allow some of these comp ...
Auxin Polar Transport 1s Essential for the
... embryogenesiscan be induced from differentiatedtissues and organs of many species, including pollen, mesophyll, stem, root, and even isolated protoplasts (Carman, 1990). Results from cell culture studies indicate that this process is elicited by growth regulators, especially auxin and cytokinin. How ...
... embryogenesiscan be induced from differentiatedtissues and organs of many species, including pollen, mesophyll, stem, root, and even isolated protoplasts (Carman, 1990). Results from cell culture studies indicate that this process is elicited by growth regulators, especially auxin and cytokinin. How ...
chloroquine inhibits lysosomal enzyme pinocytosis and enhances
... 5 ml PBS, and then lysed. Under these conditions, 98% of the p-glucuronidase remained cell-associated after90 min in buffered saline, but only 5% of the enzyme remained cell-associated after 90 min in buffered saline containing 10 mM Man-6-P. Binding experiments at 37°C were carried out in cells pre ...
... 5 ml PBS, and then lysed. Under these conditions, 98% of the p-glucuronidase remained cell-associated after90 min in buffered saline, but only 5% of the enzyme remained cell-associated after 90 min in buffered saline containing 10 mM Man-6-P. Binding experiments at 37°C were carried out in cells pre ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).