the united states` next generation of atmospheric composition and
... may exert a forcing on climate change greater than carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the next 20 yr. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently initiated the Climate Impact on Regional Air Quality project to improve understanding of chemistry–climate interactions at the regional scale ...
... may exert a forcing on climate change greater than carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the next 20 yr. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently initiated the Climate Impact on Regional Air Quality project to improve understanding of chemistry–climate interactions at the regional scale ...
4 Anthropogenic Changes and the Global Carbon Cycle
... absorbed by the ocean each year7,11 through a combination of physical exchange and biological activity at the ocean surface. In comparison, only 6.3 Gt C/year is emitted by human combustion of fossil fuel and another 1.6 to 2.0 Gt C/year by land-use change, but these fluxes are emissions only, with ...
... absorbed by the ocean each year7,11 through a combination of physical exchange and biological activity at the ocean surface. In comparison, only 6.3 Gt C/year is emitted by human combustion of fossil fuel and another 1.6 to 2.0 Gt C/year by land-use change, but these fluxes are emissions only, with ...
The carbon cycle in a changing climate
... page 32.) In the past million years, Earth has cycled between cold glacial periods with low atmospheric CO2 concentrations (190 ppm) and warmer interglacial periods with higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations (280 ppm).3 The temperature changes associated with glacial cycles have been much larger tha ...
... page 32.) In the past million years, Earth has cycled between cold glacial periods with low atmospheric CO2 concentrations (190 ppm) and warmer interglacial periods with higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations (280 ppm).3 The temperature changes associated with glacial cycles have been much larger tha ...
PLOS Biology - University of Hawaii
... Ongoing greenhouse gas emissions can modify climate processes and induce shifts in ocean temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, and productivity, which in turn could alter biological and social systems. Here, we provide a synoptic global assessment of the simultaneous changes in future ocean biogeoc ...
... Ongoing greenhouse gas emissions can modify climate processes and induce shifts in ocean temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, and productivity, which in turn could alter biological and social systems. Here, we provide a synoptic global assessment of the simultaneous changes in future ocean biogeoc ...
Sustainable Ocean Development – A
... include: What are the benefits of the ocean? How are different sectors contributing to the loss of benefits? How is unsustainable use of resources valued by different sectors? How will society/the economy change if certain ocean services disappear? How can we protect common interests against nationa ...
... include: What are the benefits of the ocean? How are different sectors contributing to the loss of benefits? How is unsustainable use of resources valued by different sectors? How will society/the economy change if certain ocean services disappear? How can we protect common interests against nationa ...
Technical Assessment of the Carbon
... four different management scenarios (as well as a control scenario) are reported in Table 1. The values represent the range in simulated soil C accumulation over the 18-year period of climate data for the 865 locations used in the study. A comparison of the results under the four management shows th ...
... four different management scenarios (as well as a control scenario) are reported in Table 1. The values represent the range in simulated soil C accumulation over the 18-year period of climate data for the 865 locations used in the study. A comparison of the results under the four management shows th ...
Nitrogen and phosphorous limitations significantly reduce future
... changes in ocean carbon uptake rates (Figure 1a) are largely driven by different atmospheric CO2 pathways (Figure S1a) with negligible differences between different model simulations due to indirect impact of land nutrient states on ocean climate in the concentration-driven simulations. Over land, a ...
... changes in ocean carbon uptake rates (Figure 1a) are largely driven by different atmospheric CO2 pathways (Figure S1a) with negligible differences between different model simulations due to indirect impact of land nutrient states on ocean climate in the concentration-driven simulations. Over land, a ...
Trends in Observation and Research of Deep Ocean Circulation and
... For instance, if the circulation does not reach the deep ocean in the Sea of Japan due to warming, oxygen is not supplied to the deep waters, raising the possibility of threatening the ecosystem of bacteria and benthic life. Such a possibility has been reported in recent newspaper articles.[2] Trans ...
... For instance, if the circulation does not reach the deep ocean in the Sea of Japan due to warming, oxygen is not supplied to the deep waters, raising the possibility of threatening the ecosystem of bacteria and benthic life. Such a possibility has been reported in recent newspaper articles.[2] Trans ...
Global Carbon Policy Handbook 2010 - Policies Driving the Growth... Trading Markets Brochure
... Figure 4: Other EU 27, Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances (Metric Tons per Year), 2008 Figure 5: Global, CDM Project Activity Cycle, 2009 Figure 6: Global, CERs Allocations by Top Host Countries, 2009 Figure 7: Global, CERs Issued by Top Five Host Parties, 2009 Figure 8: Global, CDM Registered Proje ...
... Figure 4: Other EU 27, Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances (Metric Tons per Year), 2008 Figure 5: Global, CDM Project Activity Cycle, 2009 Figure 6: Global, CERs Allocations by Top Host Countries, 2009 Figure 7: Global, CERs Issued by Top Five Host Parties, 2009 Figure 8: Global, CDM Registered Proje ...
How will ocean acidification affect marine photosynthetic organisms
... producers are the benthic photosynthetic organisms such as seagrasses, seaweeds and corals, all of which are restricted to shallow water areas. Despite the fact their net primary productivity is about fifty times less than phytoplankton, at only 1 Giga tonne of carbon per year (Field et al. 1998), t ...
... producers are the benthic photosynthetic organisms such as seagrasses, seaweeds and corals, all of which are restricted to shallow water areas. Despite the fact their net primary productivity is about fifty times less than phytoplankton, at only 1 Giga tonne of carbon per year (Field et al. 1998), t ...
Full PDF
... bination with cellulose created wood ,which in turn for the first time allowed plants to grow tall, in competition with each other for sunlight. As vast forests spread across the land, living biomass increased by orders of magnitude, pulling down carbon as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make ...
... bination with cellulose created wood ,which in turn for the first time allowed plants to grow tall, in competition with each other for sunlight. As vast forests spread across the land, living biomass increased by orders of magnitude, pulling down carbon as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to make ...
Stream 1.2 Oceans and marine ice in the Southern Hemisphere
... o Quantify strength of biological pump and its sensitivity to change in the physical environment or ecosystem (including acidification), using models and in situ studies from sediment traps and changes in water properties (e.g. nutrient drawdown). o Studies of past changes, in particular the process ...
... o Quantify strength of biological pump and its sensitivity to change in the physical environment or ecosystem (including acidification), using models and in situ studies from sediment traps and changes in water properties (e.g. nutrient drawdown). o Studies of past changes, in particular the process ...
Stream 1.2 Oceans and marine ice in the Southern Hemisphere
... shelves, sea ice and icebergs), and to attribute the cause(s) to anthropogenic emissions or natural variations for inclusion in IPCC models. The elements of this plan all represent significant gaps, and hence priorities for research. Individual areas have been rated for priority (1, 2 or 3) on the b ...
... shelves, sea ice and icebergs), and to attribute the cause(s) to anthropogenic emissions or natural variations for inclusion in IPCC models. The elements of this plan all represent significant gaps, and hence priorities for research. Individual areas have been rated for priority (1, 2 or 3) on the b ...
Using carbon investment to grow the biodiversity bank
... emissions through energy efficiency or renewable energy initiatives and sequestration of carbon through tree planting. While reducing emissions is critical to addressing climate change, sequestration is the only way to actually reduce atmospheric carbon and turn the clock back on climate change. On ...
... emissions through energy efficiency or renewable energy initiatives and sequestration of carbon through tree planting. While reducing emissions is critical to addressing climate change, sequestration is the only way to actually reduce atmospheric carbon and turn the clock back on climate change. On ...
EUR‐OCEANS Foresight workshop Rapid change in polar
... nutrients in the world’s oceans affecting their productive capacity and their role in carbon drawdown. Understanding the role of Southern Ocean ecosystems in moderating globally important biogeochemical processes is a major requirement for refining global coupled ocean‐climate‐biogeochemical mod ...
... nutrients in the world’s oceans affecting their productive capacity and their role in carbon drawdown. Understanding the role of Southern Ocean ecosystems in moderating globally important biogeochemical processes is a major requirement for refining global coupled ocean‐climate‐biogeochemical mod ...
Document
... high-CO2 ocean, given their dependence on carbonate ions as building blocks for calcium carbonate structures such as shells and skeletons. Other processes such as nutrient uptake, reproduction, acid-base regulation, nitrogen fixation, and primary production are also likely to be affected, positively ...
... high-CO2 ocean, given their dependence on carbonate ions as building blocks for calcium carbonate structures such as shells and skeletons. Other processes such as nutrient uptake, reproduction, acid-base regulation, nitrogen fixation, and primary production are also likely to be affected, positively ...
Characterizing postindustrial changes in the ocean carbon cycle in
... 2002; Keller et al., 2002) have been reported. These observations indicate that the ocean inventory of anthropogenic CO2 as defined by the C∗ method may indeed be an incomplete measure of the total change in ocean carbon content (Keeling, 2005), which is ultimately of more significance for the ongo ...
... 2002; Keller et al., 2002) have been reported. These observations indicate that the ocean inventory of anthropogenic CO2 as defined by the C∗ method may indeed be an incomplete measure of the total change in ocean carbon content (Keeling, 2005), which is ultimately of more significance for the ongo ...
Carbon Commons - University of Chicago Law School
... Figure 2: Time series of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global mean atmospheric temperature resulting from emission of 1700 gigatonnes of carbon up to the year 2250, followed by cessation of emissions. Our discussion of cumulative carbon so far was based only on uptake of CO2 by the ocean, but te ...
... Figure 2: Time series of atmospheric CO2 concentration and global mean atmospheric temperature resulting from emission of 1700 gigatonnes of carbon up to the year 2250, followed by cessation of emissions. Our discussion of cumulative carbon so far was based only on uptake of CO2 by the ocean, but te ...
Connecting Changing Ocean Circulation with Changing Climate
... The influence of changing ocean currents on climate change is evaluated by comparing an earth system model’s response to increased CO2 with and without an ocean circulation response. Inhibiting the ocean circulation response, by specifying a seasonally varying preindustrial climatology of currents, ...
... The influence of changing ocean currents on climate change is evaluated by comparing an earth system model’s response to increased CO2 with and without an ocean circulation response. Inhibiting the ocean circulation response, by specifying a seasonally varying preindustrial climatology of currents, ...
307 – Abstarct Paper Nº: 307 Oral 3c. Secuestro de Carbono y
... Veracruz-Córdoba, Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz. e-mail: inurreta.hector@inifap.gob.mx ...
... Veracruz-Córdoba, Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz. e-mail: inurreta.hector@inifap.gob.mx ...
Ocean Acidification: modelled impacts from lower and higher trophic
... considering the wider ecosystem and possible societal impact (Le Quesne & Pinnegar 2012). Contradictory results from laboratory experiments complicate the overall picture e.g. Kroeker et al. 2010, reducing confidence in the up-scaling ability of single-species experimental results. The combined effe ...
... considering the wider ecosystem and possible societal impact (Le Quesne & Pinnegar 2012). Contradictory results from laboratory experiments complicate the overall picture e.g. Kroeker et al. 2010, reducing confidence in the up-scaling ability of single-species experimental results. The combined effe ...
Wind stress curl
... HadCEM showed little change in climate, Roberts et al, 2004) • Various studies using recent higher resolution observed datasets to force atmosphere models are beginning to show how smaller scales can have important effect on larger scales (e.g. TIWs, boundary currents) ...
... HadCEM showed little change in climate, Roberts et al, 2004) • Various studies using recent higher resolution observed datasets to force atmosphere models are beginning to show how smaller scales can have important effect on larger scales (e.g. TIWs, boundary currents) ...
Carbon, climate change, and controversy
... •• Globally, livestock is the largest methane source emitter (third in the United States). Atmospheric methane is increasing, can linger in the atmosphere for ~9 to 15 years, and is more than 20 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide. •• Carbon losses associated with grazing syste ...
... •• Globally, livestock is the largest methane source emitter (third in the United States). Atmospheric methane is increasing, can linger in the atmosphere for ~9 to 15 years, and is more than 20 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide. •• Carbon losses associated with grazing syste ...
food web jenga - New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium
... Apex Predator-The top consumer in a food chain, often they are carnivorous and eat only meat. Climate Change- is a change in earth’s average temperatures and weather patterns over at least a span of 30 years, often more. Today’s climate change refers to ongoing and recent rising of the global averag ...
... Apex Predator-The top consumer in a food chain, often they are carnivorous and eat only meat. Climate Change- is a change in earth’s average temperatures and weather patterns over at least a span of 30 years, often more. Today’s climate change refers to ongoing and recent rising of the global averag ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.