CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land
... high latitude wetlands will function as a source of between 4.1 and 5.8 Pg C over the century. By 2100, we project CH4 emissions from the wetlands of the region would more than double over the century when anthropogenic emissions are high. Using a simulation modeling approach, Gedney and colleagues ...
... high latitude wetlands will function as a source of between 4.1 and 5.8 Pg C over the century. By 2100, we project CH4 emissions from the wetlands of the region would more than double over the century when anthropogenic emissions are high. Using a simulation modeling approach, Gedney and colleagues ...
Long-term grazing exclusion did not provide adequate soil carbon
... in northern Kenyan rangelands for climate change mitigation and local livelihoods diversification. However, to qualify for carbon credits, carbon markets are requiring additional carbon storage beyond what is existing under normal-land use practices. Grazing exclusion is often thought to improve ran ...
... in northern Kenyan rangelands for climate change mitigation and local livelihoods diversification. However, to qualify for carbon credits, carbon markets are requiring additional carbon storage beyond what is existing under normal-land use practices. Grazing exclusion is often thought to improve ran ...
The Carbon Cycle: Implications for Climate Change and Congress June 25, 2007
... In short, the oceans, vegetation, and soils cannot consume carbon released from human activities quickly enough to stop CO2 from accumulating in the atmosphere. Humans tap the huge pool of fossil carbon for energy, and affect the global carbon cycle by transferring fossil carbon — which took million ...
... In short, the oceans, vegetation, and soils cannot consume carbon released from human activities quickly enough to stop CO2 from accumulating in the atmosphere. Humans tap the huge pool of fossil carbon for energy, and affect the global carbon cycle by transferring fossil carbon — which took million ...
Oxford College - Campus | Oxford Learning College
... Reduced use of fossil fuels: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, gas, oil) is the predominant human activity associated with carbon dioxide emissions. These fuels are used for energy and transportation, both domestically and industrially. The ideal solution is to replace fossil fuels with ...
... Reduced use of fossil fuels: The burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, gas, oil) is the predominant human activity associated with carbon dioxide emissions. These fuels are used for energy and transportation, both domestically and industrially. The ideal solution is to replace fossil fuels with ...
et al
... Arctic sea-ice cover modifies the basic temperature gradients from the equator to the poles and hence the manner in which the atmosphere transports heat Sea ice influences temperature gradients because of its high reflectivity and its role as an insulating layer atop the Arctic Ocean At its maximum ...
... Arctic sea-ice cover modifies the basic temperature gradients from the equator to the poles and hence the manner in which the atmosphere transports heat Sea ice influences temperature gradients because of its high reflectivity and its role as an insulating layer atop the Arctic Ocean At its maximum ...
Correcting the carbon cycle representation: How
... These are middle values calculated through ordinary least squares on data of atmospheric CO2 and fossil emissions from 1850 to 1986. In the literature (see [9]; for a more elaborate position, see [14]) there are two principal objections against the Nordhaus formula. Economists typically argue that t ...
... These are middle values calculated through ordinary least squares on data of atmospheric CO2 and fossil emissions from 1850 to 1986. In the literature (see [9]; for a more elaborate position, see [14]) there are two principal objections against the Nordhaus formula. Economists typically argue that t ...
CN: CO 2
... • IPCC TAR includes estimates of fluxes due to landcover change, for the A2 scenario, which are more than an order of magnitude smaller than those predicted here for the 21st century. – Appear to ignore the mechanism of reduced sink potential. ...
... • IPCC TAR includes estimates of fluxes due to landcover change, for the A2 scenario, which are more than an order of magnitude smaller than those predicted here for the 21st century. – Appear to ignore the mechanism of reduced sink potential. ...
The Carbon Cycle
... Carbon sequestration and carbon sinks The concept of a carbon sinks has emerged as one of the ways of managing the global carbon balance and mitigating climate change. The concept of stores and sinks is somewhat variable and the terms are used interchangeably by some commentators. Sinks generally ac ...
... Carbon sequestration and carbon sinks The concept of a carbon sinks has emerged as one of the ways of managing the global carbon balance and mitigating climate change. The concept of stores and sinks is somewhat variable and the terms are used interchangeably by some commentators. Sinks generally ac ...
The Optical Imaging Instruments and Their Applications
... (AATSR) will provide continuity with similar The global mission of AATSR and MERIS will make a major contribution towards our understanding of the role of the oceans and ocean productivity in the climate system and will also enhance our ability to model and forecast change. The availability of these ...
... (AATSR) will provide continuity with similar The global mission of AATSR and MERIS will make a major contribution towards our understanding of the role of the oceans and ocean productivity in the climate system and will also enhance our ability to model and forecast change. The availability of these ...
Executive Summary: Impact of Climate Change on the Ecology of
... Thus, increased nutrients and temperature are believed to be two of the most important factors driving phytoplankton community composition and the proliferation of cyanobacteria. However, it remains unclear how these two factors interact, if their interaction is dependent on the trophic state of th ...
... Thus, increased nutrients and temperature are believed to be two of the most important factors driving phytoplankton community composition and the proliferation of cyanobacteria. However, it remains unclear how these two factors interact, if their interaction is dependent on the trophic state of th ...
Introduction
... of this is in the tropics (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1993) and 160 Pg in Africa (Henry, Valentini and Bernoux, 2009). Globally, the soil carbon stock is nearly three times the amount in the above-ground biomass and about twice as large as the carbon stock of the atmosphere (e.g. Eswaran, van ...
... of this is in the tropics (Eswaran, van den Berg and Reich, 1993) and 160 Pg in Africa (Henry, Valentini and Bernoux, 2009). Globally, the soil carbon stock is nearly three times the amount in the above-ground biomass and about twice as large as the carbon stock of the atmosphere (e.g. Eswaran, van ...
Explaining Ocean Warming - Observatoire Océanologique de
... between 1971 and 2010, and it is very likely that warming was occurring earlier (Rhein et al., 2013). Warming has occurred at all depths but is most pronounced at the surface. Over the last four decades, it is estimated that the temperature of the upper 75m has increased by around 0.11°C per decade. ...
... between 1971 and 2010, and it is very likely that warming was occurring earlier (Rhein et al., 2013). Warming has occurred at all depths but is most pronounced at the surface. Over the last four decades, it is estimated that the temperature of the upper 75m has increased by around 0.11°C per decade. ...
Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems
... elements, turbulent mixing and the production of cloud condensation nuclei [1–5]: there are numerous interactions between climate, physical oceanographic processes and marine biology that should not be ignored. There is broad consensus that contemporary global climate change is reality, and that muc ...
... elements, turbulent mixing and the production of cloud condensation nuclei [1–5]: there are numerous interactions between climate, physical oceanographic processes and marine biology that should not be ignored. There is broad consensus that contemporary global climate change is reality, and that muc ...
Increased Logging is a Threat to Our Global Climate
... than its share of carbon to the atmosphere. During the 20th Century, vast areas of carbon-rich oldgrowth forests were clearcut and converted to carbon-deprived plantations. This occurred on both public and private forest lands. Millions of tons of carbon were transferred to the atmosphere. In fact, ...
... than its share of carbon to the atmosphere. During the 20th Century, vast areas of carbon-rich oldgrowth forests were clearcut and converted to carbon-deprived plantations. This occurred on both public and private forest lands. Millions of tons of carbon were transferred to the atmosphere. In fact, ...
GEO Carbon - GEPW
... considering both CO2 and CH4 • Improve (resolution and accuracy) carbon budgets at different scales • Develop an integrated Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS) ingesting data from multiple data sources at different scale • Validate space-based GHG observations and consolidate data requirem ...
... considering both CO2 and CH4 • Improve (resolution and accuracy) carbon budgets at different scales • Develop an integrated Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS) ingesting data from multiple data sources at different scale • Validate space-based GHG observations and consolidate data requirem ...
NorthSouth asymmetry in the modeled phytoplankton community
... euphotic layer. By contrast, temperature and stratification increases are smaller in the Southern compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, a southward shift and increase in strength of the Southern Ocean westerlies act against increasing temperature and freshwater fluxes to destratify the wa ...
... euphotic layer. By contrast, temperature and stratification increases are smaller in the Southern compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, a southward shift and increase in strength of the Southern Ocean westerlies act against increasing temperature and freshwater fluxes to destratify the wa ...
Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long
... Gaius R. Shaver3 & F. Stuart Chapin III2 ...
... Gaius R. Shaver3 & F. Stuart Chapin III2 ...
The Effects of Ocean Freshening on Marine and
... circulation as ocean freshening decreases or stops THC. The weakened THC leaves warm water in the tropics, and as a result the thermocline lowers. This increase of warm water at the equator drives changes in atmospheric circulation. As the oceanic heat transfer shuts down, the ocean relies on the at ...
... circulation as ocean freshening decreases or stops THC. The weakened THC leaves warm water in the tropics, and as a result the thermocline lowers. This increase of warm water at the equator drives changes in atmospheric circulation. As the oceanic heat transfer shuts down, the ocean relies on the at ...
How Will Climate Change Affect Marine Ecosystems in Puget Sound?
... projected for the northeast Pacific by the 2040s, see Section 7), could result in a −1% to −4% decline in the survival of salmon species ranging from northern California to southeast Alaska.L,14 Warm ...
... projected for the northeast Pacific by the 2040s, see Section 7), could result in a −1% to −4% decline in the survival of salmon species ranging from northern California to southeast Alaska.L,14 Warm ...
Developments of the IOC science programme and
... 17. Phytoplankton are the foundation of food webs in marine waters and hence, are important indicators of marine ecosystem change. Phytoplankton mediate carbon fixation, take up nutrients, and are a major source of organic matter in the ocean. Therefore, they are not only ecologically, but also biog ...
... 17. Phytoplankton are the foundation of food webs in marine waters and hence, are important indicators of marine ecosystem change. Phytoplankton mediate carbon fixation, take up nutrients, and are a major source of organic matter in the ocean. Therefore, they are not only ecologically, but also biog ...
The Ocean in a High-CO2 World
... acidification: the pH of their surface waters is already comparatively low and their change in pH for a given uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is particularly high. Eddy-resolving simulations [1] for the California Current System show that between pre-industrial times and present, the mean pH of the surf ...
... acidification: the pH of their surface waters is already comparatively low and their change in pH for a given uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is particularly high. Eddy-resolving simulations [1] for the California Current System show that between pre-industrial times and present, the mean pH of the surf ...
Sustainability with Dividends
... wild fires, rising sea levels, severe storm damage and acidification of the oceans. This is an issue that will affect us all. The White House report predicts that just 3 degrees of warming will cause economic damages in excess of $150 billion dollars per year in North America alone. ...
... wild fires, rising sea levels, severe storm damage and acidification of the oceans. This is an issue that will affect us all. The White House report predicts that just 3 degrees of warming will cause economic damages in excess of $150 billion dollars per year in North America alone. ...
Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and
... evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate’’ (2nd AR [IPCC, 1995]). ‘‘There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities’’ (3rd AR [IPCC, 2001]). ‘‘Most of the observed increase in globally averaged t ...
... evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate’’ (2nd AR [IPCC, 1995]). ‘‘There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities’’ (3rd AR [IPCC, 2001]). ‘‘Most of the observed increase in globally averaged t ...
PDF > Chapter 1
... This makes them one of the most important driving forces of climate. Because they respond extremely slowly to changes, the effects of global warming will gradually become noticeable but over a period of centuries. Climate changes associated with wind and sea ice could become recognizable more quickl ...
... This makes them one of the most important driving forces of climate. Because they respond extremely slowly to changes, the effects of global warming will gradually become noticeable but over a period of centuries. Climate changes associated with wind and sea ice could become recognizable more quickl ...
Australia`s coral reefs in a changing ocean
... reefs devastated by coral bleaching, several extensive bleaching events of varying severity have occurred on Australia’s coral reefs. An expanding body of experimental research indicates that interactions of thermal stress with ocean acidification and other stressors, such as declining water quality ...
... reefs devastated by coral bleaching, several extensive bleaching events of varying severity have occurred on Australia’s coral reefs. An expanding body of experimental research indicates that interactions of thermal stress with ocean acidification and other stressors, such as declining water quality ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.