Training and Accreditation.
... A Low Carbon Economy IS the future • “The UK low carbon market alone is valued at around £31bn between now and ...
... A Low Carbon Economy IS the future • “The UK low carbon market alone is valued at around £31bn between now and ...
The Marginal Damage Costs of Different Greenhouse Gases: An
... benefits of mitigation has focused on CO2. However, in order to create effective and least cost climate policies, reductions in the emissions of all greenhouse gases should be considered (Weyant et al. 2006). This necessitates a mechanism to weigh the potential trade-offs between the various greenho ...
... benefits of mitigation has focused on CO2. However, in order to create effective and least cost climate policies, reductions in the emissions of all greenhouse gases should be considered (Weyant et al. 2006). This necessitates a mechanism to weigh the potential trade-offs between the various greenho ...
A Tipping-Elements Expedition in the Footsteps of
... Under business-usual-scenarios, CO2 concentrations might reach 800 ppm by the end of the century, implying a drop in ocean pH of 0.3 – 0.4 units (Orr et al. 2005). Bloom-forming coccolithophore species, especially important for carbon export to the deep ocean, have shown significant declines in calc ...
... Under business-usual-scenarios, CO2 concentrations might reach 800 ppm by the end of the century, implying a drop in ocean pH of 0.3 – 0.4 units (Orr et al. 2005). Bloom-forming coccolithophore species, especially important for carbon export to the deep ocean, have shown significant declines in calc ...
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is
... Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO2.[23] Clinker is an industrial precursor of cement. Humans also influence the carbon cycle indirectly by changing the terrestrial and oceanic biosphere. Over ...
... Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO2.[23] Clinker is an industrial precursor of cement. Humans also influence the carbon cycle indirectly by changing the terrestrial and oceanic biosphere. Over ...
Climate-induced oceanic oxygen fluxes: Implications for the
... warming between the mid-1950s and mid-1990s of 0.06C averaged over the entire ocean and 0.3C over the upper 300 m. This warming has likely affected the air-sea O2 flux, because the solubility of O2 in seawater is strongly dependent on temperature. In this paper, we will refer to this solubility ch ...
... warming between the mid-1950s and mid-1990s of 0.06C averaged over the entire ocean and 0.3C over the upper 300 m. This warming has likely affected the air-sea O2 flux, because the solubility of O2 in seawater is strongly dependent on temperature. In this paper, we will refer to this solubility ch ...
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS - CAR-SPAW-RAC
... This opportunity to incorporate the carbon services of CMEs into policy and management could lead to additional CME conservation (restoration and protection) worldwide, which would protect the multiple benefits these ecosystems provide to humans. This frequently asked questions document provides the ...
... This opportunity to incorporate the carbon services of CMEs into policy and management could lead to additional CME conservation (restoration and protection) worldwide, which would protect the multiple benefits these ecosystems provide to humans. This frequently asked questions document provides the ...
Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
... Humans influence climate primarily through fossil-fuel, industrial, agricultural, and other landuse emissions that alter atmospheric composition. Long-lived, heat-trapping greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, tropospheric ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons) warm the planet’s surface globally, whereas short ...
... Humans influence climate primarily through fossil-fuel, industrial, agricultural, and other landuse emissions that alter atmospheric composition. Long-lived, heat-trapping greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, tropospheric ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons) warm the planet’s surface globally, whereas short ...
Changes in subduction in the South Atlantic Ocean during the
... models. They suggest that the ocean may take up more CO2 in the future, because of a small increase in the strong westerlies over the high latitude Southern Ocean. Le Quere et al. [2007] estimate from observations that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 at a faster rat ...
... models. They suggest that the ocean may take up more CO2 in the future, because of a small increase in the strong westerlies over the high latitude Southern Ocean. Le Quere et al. [2007] estimate from observations that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 at a faster rat ...
Projected pH reductions by 2100 might put deep
... In these experiments, the cause of the pH decrease is not high atmospheric CO2 (CO2 only increases a few ppm during the freshwater experiment), but is mainly a result of the decrease in deep-ocean ventilation. This leads to the additional accumulation of DIC by the respiration of organic matter. Alt ...
... In these experiments, the cause of the pH decrease is not high atmospheric CO2 (CO2 only increases a few ppm during the freshwater experiment), but is mainly a result of the decrease in deep-ocean ventilation. This leads to the additional accumulation of DIC by the respiration of organic matter. Alt ...
Review on Ocean Heat Content and Ocean
... Review on Ocean Heat Content and Ocean Warming Lei Huang Abstract Since the mid-20th century, there is substantial increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans, which is now known as "global warming". Global mean surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C ...
... Review on Ocean Heat Content and Ocean Warming Lei Huang Abstract Since the mid-20th century, there is substantial increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans, which is now known as "global warming". Global mean surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C ...
Records of post–Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
... which apparently initiated a chain of events leading to global ecosystem collapse and extinctions (e.g., Alvarez et al., 1980; Smit and Hertogen, 1980). The possible primary and secondary global climatic and environmental effects of the Chicxulub impact event at the K-T boundary are, however, still ...
... which apparently initiated a chain of events leading to global ecosystem collapse and extinctions (e.g., Alvarez et al., 1980; Smit and Hertogen, 1980). The possible primary and secondary global climatic and environmental effects of the Chicxulub impact event at the K-T boundary are, however, still ...
article - American Scientist
... the order of 0.3 percent per year. Plass pointed out that humanity was conducting a large-scale experiment on the atmosphere, the results of which would not be available for several generations: “If at the end of this century, the average temperature has continued to rise and in addition measurement ...
... the order of 0.3 percent per year. Plass pointed out that humanity was conducting a large-scale experiment on the atmosphere, the results of which would not be available for several generations: “If at the end of this century, the average temperature has continued to rise and in addition measurement ...
Verification of Selected Neutron
... FACE Studies • Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments – Large-scale research programs to study effects of increased CO2 levels – Many environmental variables – Difficult to correlate growth parameters with high precision ...
... FACE Studies • Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments – Large-scale research programs to study effects of increased CO2 levels – Many environmental variables – Difficult to correlate growth parameters with high precision ...
Role of Ocean in Global Warming - J
... those latitude belts, where the fraction of ocean-covered area is relatively large. Based upon the study, they conjectured that the response of surface temperature in the Southern Hemisphere should be delayed as compared to that in the Northern Hemisphere because of the inter-hemispheric difference ...
... those latitude belts, where the fraction of ocean-covered area is relatively large. Based upon the study, they conjectured that the response of surface temperature in the Southern Hemisphere should be delayed as compared to that in the Northern Hemisphere because of the inter-hemispheric difference ...
First International Workshop on the “Responses of Marine Hazards
... CLIVAR, to avoid any overlapping, and complement each other for maximum benefit. In conclusion, the workshop agreed to develop one scientific plan for this project, taking into full account of the identified area (7‐15°N, 110‐145°E) as the pilot target area for the Typhoon Generat ...
... CLIVAR, to avoid any overlapping, and complement each other for maximum benefit. In conclusion, the workshop agreed to develop one scientific plan for this project, taking into full account of the identified area (7‐15°N, 110‐145°E) as the pilot target area for the Typhoon Generat ...
The Quiet Tsunami: The Ecological, Economic, Social, and Political
... has registered on the aquaculture industry’s radar. In 2010, a brief session on ocean acidification was held at the triennial meeting of the World Aquaculture Society together with the U.S. National Shellfisheries Association. The overall economic impact of ocean acidification on marine fisheries an ...
... has registered on the aquaculture industry’s radar. In 2010, a brief session on ocean acidification was held at the triennial meeting of the World Aquaculture Society together with the U.S. National Shellfisheries Association. The overall economic impact of ocean acidification on marine fisheries an ...
The Open Ocean
... 1. Urgent attention is needed to sustainably manage the open ocean ecosystems and their services. The open ocean is the largest transboundary water space on Earth, covering about half of the entire surface of the planet, but also has impact on the entire global ocean. The open ocean’s physical, che ...
... 1. Urgent attention is needed to sustainably manage the open ocean ecosystems and their services. The open ocean is the largest transboundary water space on Earth, covering about half of the entire surface of the planet, but also has impact on the entire global ocean. The open ocean’s physical, che ...
Time-Dependent Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change
... applied to the CO~2 problem used the same methodology as that employed in the earlier simple mixed-layer models That is, CO"2 was doubled instantaneously and the model run for some time-period to document the climate changes It has been suggested, however, that because of the long thermal response t ...
... applied to the CO~2 problem used the same methodology as that employed in the earlier simple mixed-layer models That is, CO"2 was doubled instantaneously and the model run for some time-period to document the climate changes It has been suggested, however, that because of the long thermal response t ...
Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better
... consequences for the entire polar food web (Smetacek & Nicol, 2005). Finally, oxygen minimum zones at depth seem to be expanding and becoming more intense (Stramma et al., 2008), with implications for ocean N, P and Fe cycles and thus the balance of nutrient limitation in the sea (Moore et al., 2013 ...
... consequences for the entire polar food web (Smetacek & Nicol, 2005). Finally, oxygen minimum zones at depth seem to be expanding and becoming more intense (Stramma et al., 2008), with implications for ocean N, P and Fe cycles and thus the balance of nutrient limitation in the sea (Moore et al., 2013 ...
alexander b. polonsky
... Phillips, 1994). This difference is due to the various Rossby scales in the atmosphere and oceans. Therefore the typical space step of a few degrees in the recent coupled models is eddyresolving for the atmosphere but not the oceanic part. Certainly, the resolution of coupled models may be improved ...
... Phillips, 1994). This difference is due to the various Rossby scales in the atmosphere and oceans. Therefore the typical space step of a few degrees in the recent coupled models is eddyresolving for the atmosphere but not the oceanic part. Certainly, the resolution of coupled models may be improved ...
2.2. Integrating climate change into forestry: Mitigation
... forest - or any ecosystem - is a set of carbon stocks. Carbon is everywhere, from the leaves to the soil. A good way to visualise a stock of carbon is to think of the biomass stored in the ecosystem. Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Alm ...
... forest - or any ecosystem - is a set of carbon stocks. Carbon is everywhere, from the leaves to the soil. A good way to visualise a stock of carbon is to think of the biomass stored in the ecosystem. Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time. Alm ...
Ocean under stress - Plymouth Marine Laboratory
... Ocean acidification Ocean acidification is directly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. When CO2 enters the ocean it rapidly goes through a series of chemical reactions which increase the acidity of the surface seawater (lowering its pH). The ocean has already re ...
... Ocean acidification Ocean acidification is directly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. When CO2 enters the ocean it rapidly goes through a series of chemical reactions which increase the acidity of the surface seawater (lowering its pH). The ocean has already re ...
Ocean Stress Guide - Plymouth Marine Laboratory
... Ocean acidification Ocean acidification is directly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. When CO2 enters the ocean it rapidly goes through a series of chemical reactions which increase the acidity of the surface seawater (lowering its pH). The ocean has already re ...
... Ocean acidification Ocean acidification is directly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. When CO2 enters the ocean it rapidly goes through a series of chemical reactions which increase the acidity of the surface seawater (lowering its pH). The ocean has already re ...
Background for marketing carbon from forest growth in the US. B.S.
... study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that eleven years, out of a recent 12 year period (from 1995 to 2006), were globally ranked among the warmest since ...
... study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that eleven years, out of a recent 12 year period (from 1995 to 2006), were globally ranked among the warmest since ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.