carbon pricing - The Climate Group
... liability using international credits, including up to 12.5% from Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism credits. There are also plans to link the Australian market with the EU ETS, beginning in 2015.16 To date, implementation of the carbon tax has gone as planned. Carbon emissions from the electricity s ...
... liability using international credits, including up to 12.5% from Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism credits. There are also plans to link the Australian market with the EU ETS, beginning in 2015.16 To date, implementation of the carbon tax has gone as planned. Carbon emissions from the electricity s ...
Climate –carbon cycle feedback analysis, results from the C MIP
... climate change showed a reduced terrestrial carbon sink in all models as a result of the ...
... climate change showed a reduced terrestrial carbon sink in all models as a result of the ...
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... and RH. Over TIO, the decreased wind contributes about 2.5 W/m2. Atmospheric circulation in the tropics is predicted to slow down as tropospheric vapor increases at a faster rate than precipitation in response to global warming [Held and Soden, 2006]. Many studies assume that air-sea temperature dif ...
... and RH. Over TIO, the decreased wind contributes about 2.5 W/m2. Atmospheric circulation in the tropics is predicted to slow down as tropospheric vapor increases at a faster rate than precipitation in response to global warming [Held and Soden, 2006]. Many studies assume that air-sea temperature dif ...
The global warming hiatus: Slowdown or redistribution?
... ship-deck nighttime marine air temperatures were primarily responsible for revealing previously undetected warming in recent decades in IPCC and other work. It is also noteworthy that by using nighttime marine air temperatures to correct SSTs, the index of global surface mean temperature is not a di ...
... ship-deck nighttime marine air temperatures were primarily responsible for revealing previously undetected warming in recent decades in IPCC and other work. It is also noteworthy that by using nighttime marine air temperatures to correct SSTs, the index of global surface mean temperature is not a di ...
Climate and Carbon Cycle
... However, the estimate of the effects of the above transformations and their influence on the Earth’s albedo is still charged with a considerable error (Fig. 2.3; IPCC 2007; Forster et al. 2007). In contrast to aerosols, characterized by the greatest negative radiation forcing, the greenhouse gases a ...
... However, the estimate of the effects of the above transformations and their influence on the Earth’s albedo is still charged with a considerable error (Fig. 2.3; IPCC 2007; Forster et al. 2007). In contrast to aerosols, characterized by the greatest negative radiation forcing, the greenhouse gases a ...
An estimate of equilibrium sensitivity of global terrestrial carbon
... where we isolate CO2-direct effect by forcing only CLM4 with 570 ppm. It should be noted that we do not attempt to separate the CO2-direct effect into the physiological and fertilization effects in this study. Carbon–nitrogen dynamics is included in the land model but nitrogen deposition is kept con ...
... where we isolate CO2-direct effect by forcing only CLM4 with 570 ppm. It should be noted that we do not attempt to separate the CO2-direct effect into the physiological and fertilization effects in this study. Carbon–nitrogen dynamics is included in the land model but nitrogen deposition is kept con ...
Major Emitters Among Hardest Hit by Ocean Acidification
... building block in calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. As these building blocks become more scarce, corals, pteropods, some plankton, urchins, oysters, clams and mussels will all have more difficulty creating their shells and skeletons. If the availability of carbonate ions drops further below a ...
... building block in calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. As these building blocks become more scarce, corals, pteropods, some plankton, urchins, oysters, clams and mussels will all have more difficulty creating their shells and skeletons. If the availability of carbonate ions drops further below a ...
Chapter 5. CO2 as a Climate Regulator during the Phanerozoic and
... albedo of crop land can be much higher than that of forested land. In 1750, 6-7% of the total land surface was used for agriculture or pastures. In 1990, this was elevated to 35-39% of the total land surface (Forester et al., 2007 and references therein). Urbanization would presumably also affect al ...
... albedo of crop land can be much higher than that of forested land. In 1750, 6-7% of the total land surface was used for agriculture or pastures. In 1990, this was elevated to 35-39% of the total land surface (Forester et al., 2007 and references therein). Urbanization would presumably also affect al ...
Full project description
... it appears that annual sequestration of carbon on the KIW property may be 9 to 12 times the annual C footprint of AMC’s operations, or 4 to 5 times if both operations and visitor travel is included. While a crude estimate, it provides an indication of the size of potential forest carbon sequestratio ...
... it appears that annual sequestration of carbon on the KIW property may be 9 to 12 times the annual C footprint of AMC’s operations, or 4 to 5 times if both operations and visitor travel is included. While a crude estimate, it provides an indication of the size of potential forest carbon sequestratio ...
Valuing the Ocean: Extended Executive Summary
... and growing evidence of the human causes behind them. Rather than benefiting from economies of scale, the ocean is the victim of a global market failure, as we continue to largely ignore the true worth of its ecosystems, services and functions, and externalise the true costs of pollution and overexp ...
... and growing evidence of the human causes behind them. Rather than benefiting from economies of scale, the ocean is the victim of a global market failure, as we continue to largely ignore the true worth of its ecosystems, services and functions, and externalise the true costs of pollution and overexp ...
Student Pages
... realize that your sense of what is “normal” weather at any particular time of the year may actually be very different from someone living elsewhere. Whether the days are cold or warm, rainy or dry, sunny or partly cloudy, you become used to the conditions you expect in your home place. But what if t ...
... realize that your sense of what is “normal” weather at any particular time of the year may actually be very different from someone living elsewhere. Whether the days are cold or warm, rainy or dry, sunny or partly cloudy, you become used to the conditions you expect in your home place. But what if t ...
Carbon on the Move
... Many people do not realize how important soils are in carbon sequestration. Carbon is a major ingredient of soil, and as figure 1 indicates, soil contains well over twice the carbon found in all the terrestrial plants and animals. As plants and trees grow, die, and decay, some of their carbon is sto ...
... Many people do not realize how important soils are in carbon sequestration. Carbon is a major ingredient of soil, and as figure 1 indicates, soil contains well over twice the carbon found in all the terrestrial plants and animals. As plants and trees grow, die, and decay, some of their carbon is sto ...
Input from IOC - Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
... gases, there are concerns that suggested mitigation actions may not be sufficient or may not be implemented in time to avoid adverse impacts from climate change. In that scenario, some geo-engineering methods are being considered for moderating the consequences of climate change. These methods inclu ...
... gases, there are concerns that suggested mitigation actions may not be sufficient or may not be implemented in time to avoid adverse impacts from climate change. In that scenario, some geo-engineering methods are being considered for moderating the consequences of climate change. These methods inclu ...
Multi-decadal variations in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C
... Island, New Zealand (52.52˚S, 169.22˚E) (Figure 1). Each tree series formed part of a wellreplicated, annually-resolved chronology with an „expressed population signal‟ (or EPS) above 0.85, a threshold value commonly used to describe a robust, highly-replicated series [Briffa and Jones, 1990]. The N ...
... Island, New Zealand (52.52˚S, 169.22˚E) (Figure 1). Each tree series formed part of a wellreplicated, annually-resolved chronology with an „expressed population signal‟ (or EPS) above 0.85, a threshold value commonly used to describe a robust, highly-replicated series [Briffa and Jones, 1990]. The N ...
Carbon the Element
... absorb most of this CO2. Marine organisms eat the marine plants, keeping the food chain going. Sediments from erosion and weathering flow from the land (lithosphere) to the rivers to the oceans. Organic materials (C) from dead or decaying matter are carried to the oceans via rivers. Many minerals an ...
... absorb most of this CO2. Marine organisms eat the marine plants, keeping the food chain going. Sediments from erosion and weathering flow from the land (lithosphere) to the rivers to the oceans. Organic materials (C) from dead or decaying matter are carried to the oceans via rivers. Many minerals an ...
Carbon the Element
... absorb most of this CO2. Marine organisms eat the marine plants, keeping the food chain going. Sediments from erosion and weathering flow from the land (lithosphere) to the rivers to the oceans. Organic materials (C) from dead or decaying matter are carried to the oceans via rivers. Many minerals an ...
... absorb most of this CO2. Marine organisms eat the marine plants, keeping the food chain going. Sediments from erosion and weathering flow from the land (lithosphere) to the rivers to the oceans. Organic materials (C) from dead or decaying matter are carried to the oceans via rivers. Many minerals an ...
- Wiley Online Library
... range shifts are tightly coupled to shifts in thermal envelope (Pinksy et al., 2013). Therefore, the magnitude of anticipated climate warming effects on thermally constrained latitudinal ranges of hypothetical oxygen- and capacity-limited FENs was estimated based on the best supported mean temperatu ...
... range shifts are tightly coupled to shifts in thermal envelope (Pinksy et al., 2013). Therefore, the magnitude of anticipated climate warming effects on thermally constrained latitudinal ranges of hypothetical oxygen- and capacity-limited FENs was estimated based on the best supported mean temperatu ...
Bopp et al, 2013
... modifications (Bindoff et al., 2007) have the potential to affect marine organisms and ecosystems (Doney et al., 2012). Temperature for instance has a fundamental effect on biological processes, as most biological rates (e.g., enzyme reactions) are temperature-dependent (e.g., Eppley et al., 1972). ...
... modifications (Bindoff et al., 2007) have the potential to affect marine organisms and ecosystems (Doney et al., 2012). Temperature for instance has a fundamental effect on biological processes, as most biological rates (e.g., enzyme reactions) are temperature-dependent (e.g., Eppley et al., 1972). ...
Plenary White Paper
... The ocean thermohaline circulation (THC), which is the circulation driven by changes in sea water density arising from temperature (thermal) and salt (haline) effects, allows water from the surface to be carried into the deep ocean, where it is isolated from atmospheric influence and hence it may se ...
... The ocean thermohaline circulation (THC), which is the circulation driven by changes in sea water density arising from temperature (thermal) and salt (haline) effects, allows water from the surface to be carried into the deep ocean, where it is isolated from atmospheric influence and hence it may se ...
固碳林业与碳贸易 - EESC European Economic and Social Committee
... These measures are mostly suitable in those areas with slow growth, and poor stem-wood stand and less opportunity for lumber. As deforestation will directly result in the emission of carbon stored in forest ecosystem to the air, compared with afforestation and reforestation, reducing deforestation i ...
... These measures are mostly suitable in those areas with slow growth, and poor stem-wood stand and less opportunity for lumber. As deforestation will directly result in the emission of carbon stored in forest ecosystem to the air, compared with afforestation and reforestation, reducing deforestation i ...
South Equatorial Current (SEC) driven changes at DSDP Site 237
... Thomas, 2003). As a result, they are studied intensively in order to understand their role in the evolution of the benthic ecosystem. More recently, some species of deep-sea benthic foraminifera have been used to study productivity changes in the surface water column (Schmiedl and Mackensen, 1997; G ...
... Thomas, 2003). As a result, they are studied intensively in order to understand their role in the evolution of the benthic ecosystem. More recently, some species of deep-sea benthic foraminifera have been used to study productivity changes in the surface water column (Schmiedl and Mackensen, 1997; G ...
Ocean Currents and Climate - History Programs
... in ancient lake levels and comparing them with ocean data, began to ask whether “the present configuration is a transient one.” Could it change abruptly with serious consequences for climate? Broecker saw no way to tell whether that could really happen, or ever had. The available data on ocean water ...
... in ancient lake levels and comparing them with ocean data, began to ask whether “the present configuration is a transient one.” Could it change abruptly with serious consequences for climate? Broecker saw no way to tell whether that could really happen, or ever had. The available data on ocean water ...
Vulnerability of Great Barrier Reef plankton to climate
... flux of organic matter through this compartment from both in situ production and import of biomass. Based on a rate of copepod production in shallow inshore regions of the GBR of approximately 8.5 milligrams C per metre squared per day81, we calculate that in situ copepod production in the entire GB ...
... flux of organic matter through this compartment from both in situ production and import of biomass. Based on a rate of copepod production in shallow inshore regions of the GBR of approximately 8.5 milligrams C per metre squared per day81, we calculate that in situ copepod production in the entire GB ...
Paying for carbon emissions reduction
... The first airline in the UK to offer a voluntary carbon offset was British Airways (BA), which introduced its scheme in 2005. The price of carbon offsetting was set at £8.63/tCO2 (2007 prices) at the time. This price reflected the cost of their offset projects, such as planting trees in Uganda and d ...
... The first airline in the UK to offer a voluntary carbon offset was British Airways (BA), which introduced its scheme in 2005. The price of carbon offsetting was set at £8.63/tCO2 (2007 prices) at the time. This price reflected the cost of their offset projects, such as planting trees in Uganda and d ...
How positive is the feedback between climate change and the
... 2 − CO2 and similarly for the land CO2 fluxes. Figure 5 shows these corrected fluxes plotted against the temperature changes for both the Hadley and IPSL models. The land carbon component of the Hadley model shows a much more negative γAB , the carbon flux sensitivity to climate change alone, than t ...
... 2 − CO2 and similarly for the land CO2 fluxes. Figure 5 shows these corrected fluxes plotted against the temperature changes for both the Hadley and IPSL models. The land carbon component of the Hadley model shows a much more negative γAB , the carbon flux sensitivity to climate change alone, than t ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.