A simple carbon cycle representation for
... Many simple IAMs use a linearized representation of ocean carbon uptake (for review, see Hof et al, 2012; van Vuuren et al, 2011), but linearized representations cannot fully reproduce the ocean response to increased atmospheric CO2 : rapid initial uptake followed by a slow ‘long-tail’ equilibration ...
... Many simple IAMs use a linearized representation of ocean carbon uptake (for review, see Hof et al, 2012; van Vuuren et al, 2011), but linearized representations cannot fully reproduce the ocean response to increased atmospheric CO2 : rapid initial uptake followed by a slow ‘long-tail’ equilibration ...
IOCCG Report 9
... scales, the assumption that the requisite parameters were constant over the biome of interest might not be robust. The question then arises, if the parameters are not constant over the biome of interest, how can their variation be specified? The extreme expression of the question is reached when iss ...
... scales, the assumption that the requisite parameters were constant over the biome of interest might not be robust. The question then arises, if the parameters are not constant over the biome of interest, how can their variation be specified? The extreme expression of the question is reached when iss ...
Reversible and irreversible impacts of greenhouse gas
... University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: froelicher@climate.unibe.ch T. L. Frölicher F. Joos ...
... University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland e-mail: froelicher@climate.unibe.ch T. L. Frölicher F. Joos ...
Response of ocean phytoplankton community structure to climate
... I. Marinov et al.: Response of ocean phytoplankton community structure to climate change over the 21st century The ocean physics component of CCSM3 is the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a z-level, hydrostatic, primitive equation model (Smith and Gent, 2002; Collins et al., 2006a). The version integr ...
... I. Marinov et al.: Response of ocean phytoplankton community structure to climate change over the 21st century The ocean physics component of CCSM3 is the Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a z-level, hydrostatic, primitive equation model (Smith and Gent, 2002; Collins et al., 2006a). The version integr ...
MCCIP Briefing Note Ocean uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2)
... dissolved states of CO2 (carbonate and bicarbonate ions). These two effects means that the ocean can take up CO2 from the atmosphere less efficiently in future and this is likely to lead to a decrease in the fraction of CO2 emissions taken up by the oceans, accelerating the rate of the atmospheric C ...
... dissolved states of CO2 (carbonate and bicarbonate ions). These two effects means that the ocean can take up CO2 from the atmosphere less efficiently in future and this is likely to lead to a decrease in the fraction of CO2 emissions taken up by the oceans, accelerating the rate of the atmospheric C ...
Carbon Cycle - La Spiga Edizioni
... endeavouring both to lessen the amount of carbon that is emitted to the atmosphere and to take carbon out of the atmosphere and store it elsewhere. Some of the ways we can decrease the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere include driving less, using energy efficient appliances, switching to ...
... endeavouring both to lessen the amount of carbon that is emitted to the atmosphere and to take carbon out of the atmosphere and store it elsewhere. Some of the ways we can decrease the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere include driving less, using energy efficient appliances, switching to ...
- ACE CRC
... 1 degree requires the same amount of energy as heating just the top three meters of the surface ocean by 1 degree. The ocean is so deep and, in some regions the currents so slow, that some waters have not seen the ocean surface for over 1000 years. These time-scales indicate that it may take centuri ...
... 1 degree requires the same amount of energy as heating just the top three meters of the surface ocean by 1 degree. The ocean is so deep and, in some regions the currents so slow, that some waters have not seen the ocean surface for over 1000 years. These time-scales indicate that it may take centuri ...
Using Carbon Sequestration Projects to Offset
... carbon dioxide at $4 in a buyer’s market created by legal earn supplemental income through use of BMPs. In fact, uncertainties surrounding emission reduction requirein the increasingly regulated carbon trading environment, ments. In 2004, parties ranging from PacifiCorp, a some commentators discoura ...
... carbon dioxide at $4 in a buyer’s market created by legal earn supplemental income through use of BMPs. In fact, uncertainties surrounding emission reduction requirein the increasingly regulated carbon trading environment, ments. In 2004, parties ranging from PacifiCorp, a some commentators discoura ...
Increase of carbon cycle feedback with climate sensitivity
... to climate in the coupled climate system we used INCCA, a coupled climate and carbon cycle model (Thompson et al., 2004). The NCAR/DOE PCTM model (Meehl et al., 2004; Washington et al., 2000) was used as the physical ocean–atmosphere model; this is a version of the NCAR CCM 3.2 model (Kiehl et al., ...
... to climate in the coupled climate system we used INCCA, a coupled climate and carbon cycle model (Thompson et al., 2004). The NCAR/DOE PCTM model (Meehl et al., 2004; Washington et al., 2000) was used as the physical ocean–atmosphere model; this is a version of the NCAR CCM 3.2 model (Kiehl et al., ...
More Lessons from the Sky - Satellite Educators Association
... their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil continuing the cycle. The ocean plays a critical role in the storage of carbon, as it holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere. Two-way carbon exchange can occur quickly between th ...
... their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil continuing the cycle. The ocean plays a critical role in the storage of carbon, as it holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere. Two-way carbon exchange can occur quickly between th ...
who left carbon footprints in my greenhouse?
... Carbon dioxide bubbles out of the earth in soda springs, explodes out of volcanoes, and is released when organic matter burns (such as during forest fires). Anything that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (living, dead, or non-living) is considered a source. Anything that absorbs and holds ...
... Carbon dioxide bubbles out of the earth in soda springs, explodes out of volcanoes, and is released when organic matter burns (such as during forest fires). Anything that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (living, dead, or non-living) is considered a source. Anything that absorbs and holds ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 394:1
... Ocean Time Series (HOTS) and Ocean Station Papa and to compare these with changes in phytoplankton (OSP), are all based in the northern hemisphere and biomass and composition. in the deep (> 4400 m) ocean. They are therefore representative of only some ocean biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst 1995, ...
... Ocean Time Series (HOTS) and Ocean Station Papa and to compare these with changes in phytoplankton (OSP), are all based in the northern hemisphere and biomass and composition. in the deep (> 4400 m) ocean. They are therefore representative of only some ocean biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst 1995, ...
Deep-ocean contribution to sea level and energy budget - e
... sparse observations and are limited to decadal and longer-term rates of change, and periods before about 2005. This lack of data has led to speculation that large amounts of heat might be entering the deep ocean undetected. For instance, it has been suggested that such deep-ocean warming (below 2,00 ...
... sparse observations and are limited to decadal and longer-term rates of change, and periods before about 2005. This lack of data has led to speculation that large amounts of heat might be entering the deep ocean undetected. For instance, it has been suggested that such deep-ocean warming (below 2,00 ...
Climate-Driven Basin-Scale Decadal Oscillations of Oceanic
... Correlations between basin-scale phytoplankton distribution and modes of climate oscillators are revealed here at multidecadal scale. In the tropics and at mid-latitudes, phytoplankton are often nutrient-limited. They grow when nutrients are made available within the upper lit layers through the upw ...
... Correlations between basin-scale phytoplankton distribution and modes of climate oscillators are revealed here at multidecadal scale. In the tropics and at mid-latitudes, phytoplankton are often nutrient-limited. They grow when nutrients are made available within the upper lit layers through the upw ...
CO 2 - ICTS
... CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ↔ Ca2+ + 2HCO3When marine organisms form CaCO3, the reverse reaction releases CO2 back and hence carbonate weathering does not lead to net removal from the atmocn system. But it helps to transfer CO2 from atmosphere to Ocean ...
... CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ↔ Ca2+ + 2HCO3When marine organisms form CaCO3, the reverse reaction releases CO2 back and hence carbonate weathering does not lead to net removal from the atmocn system. But it helps to transfer CO2 from atmosphere to Ocean ...
who left carbon footprints in my greenhouse?
... The carbon cycle is the continuous process by which carbon is exchanged between organisms and the environment. Plants combine carbon dioxide from the air with water from the soil to create another compound called carbohydrates. When the plant dies, decomposers break down the plant and respire the ca ...
... The carbon cycle is the continuous process by which carbon is exchanged between organisms and the environment. Plants combine carbon dioxide from the air with water from the soil to create another compound called carbohydrates. When the plant dies, decomposers break down the plant and respire the ca ...
Climate Change Impacts on Future Carbon Stores and Management
... a significant increase in plant productivity or change the balance between CO2 uptake and loss.8 Another factor that contributes to the variability in the balance between CO2 uptake and loss is leaf area. For example, plant productivity is constrained by leaf area and plant density in Chihuahuan Des ...
... a significant increase in plant productivity or change the balance between CO2 uptake and loss.8 Another factor that contributes to the variability in the balance between CO2 uptake and loss is leaf area. For example, plant productivity is constrained by leaf area and plant density in Chihuahuan Des ...
Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World
... Abstract Ocean warming and increased stratification of the upper ocean caused by global climate change will likely lead to declines in dissolved O2 in the ocean interior (ocean deoxygenation) with implications for ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycling, and marine habitat. Ocean models ...
... Abstract Ocean warming and increased stratification of the upper ocean caused by global climate change will likely lead to declines in dissolved O2 in the ocean interior (ocean deoxygenation) with implications for ocean productivity, nutrient cycling, carbon cycling, and marine habitat. Ocean models ...
Water and Carbon Cycles 3 days
... transport—are built on carbon. We need carbon, but that need is also entwined with one of the most serious problems facing us today: global climate change.....’ NASA Earth Observatory The current geographical study of carbon is fundamental to the age in which we live, and to future generations. Equi ...
... transport—are built on carbon. We need carbon, but that need is also entwined with one of the most serious problems facing us today: global climate change.....’ NASA Earth Observatory The current geographical study of carbon is fundamental to the age in which we live, and to future generations. Equi ...
Capturing Greenhouse Gases
... dioxide in natural reservoirs rather than allowing it to build up in the atmosphere. Although sequestering carbon is often connected to planting trees, we are investigating the possibility of capturing carbon dioxide from stationary sources— an electric power plant,for example— and injecting it into ...
... dioxide in natural reservoirs rather than allowing it to build up in the atmosphere. Although sequestering carbon is often connected to planting trees, we are investigating the possibility of capturing carbon dioxide from stationary sources— an electric power plant,for example— and injecting it into ...
Workshop Booklet - Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network
... underlying the biological response and upscaling local findings to the ecosystem level. Due to the complex network of feedbacks, the attribution of observed changes to the processes responsible for those ...
... underlying the biological response and upscaling local findings to the ecosystem level. Due to the complex network of feedbacks, the attribution of observed changes to the processes responsible for those ...
effective cross-border monitoring systems for waterborne microbial
... Concerns about harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased over the last decade largely because of the perceived increase in the number and duration of events. The toxins produced by these species cause finfish and shellfish poisoning, a variety of human pathologies that can lead to death, and mass m ...
... Concerns about harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased over the last decade largely because of the perceived increase in the number and duration of events. The toxins produced by these species cause finfish and shellfish poisoning, a variety of human pathologies that can lead to death, and mass m ...
1 CARBON ON EARTH - Princeton University Press
... in the global biosphere carbon cycle: the weathering co2 thermostat, the oxygen homeostat, and the ocean’s calcium carbonate pH-stat. carbon Dioxide earth’s climate has navigated a path that stayed within a narrow range, the freezing and boiling points of water, since the very first sedimentary rock ...
... in the global biosphere carbon cycle: the weathering co2 thermostat, the oxygen homeostat, and the ocean’s calcium carbonate pH-stat. carbon Dioxide earth’s climate has navigated a path that stayed within a narrow range, the freezing and boiling points of water, since the very first sedimentary rock ...
The Marginal Damage Costs of Different Greenhouse Gases: An
... benefits of mitigation has focused on CO2. However, in order to create effective and least cost climate policies, reductions in the emissions of all greenhouse gases should be considered (Weyant et al. 2006). This necessitates a mechanism to weigh the potential trade-offs between the various greenho ...
... benefits of mitigation has focused on CO2. However, in order to create effective and least cost climate policies, reductions in the emissions of all greenhouse gases should be considered (Weyant et al. 2006). This necessitates a mechanism to weigh the potential trade-offs between the various greenho ...
V. Conclusion - Motu Economic and Public Policy Research
... If the market works properly, private landowners will begin generating a pool of costeffective carbon credits that the New Zealand government, private firms, or international buyers can utilize to meet their own commitments to reducing climate change. Yet, until now, little was known about the poten ...
... If the market works properly, private landowners will begin generating a pool of costeffective carbon credits that the New Zealand government, private firms, or international buyers can utilize to meet their own commitments to reducing climate change. Yet, until now, little was known about the poten ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.