The Protoplast: Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, and Cytoplasmic
... by Robert Hooke in the seventeenth century to describe the small cavities separated by cell walls in cork tissue. Later Hooke recognized that living cells in other plant tissues were fi lled with “juices.” Eventually the contents of cells were interpreted as living matter and received the name proto ...
... by Robert Hooke in the seventeenth century to describe the small cavities separated by cell walls in cork tissue. Later Hooke recognized that living cells in other plant tissues were fi lled with “juices.” Eventually the contents of cells were interpreted as living matter and received the name proto ...
cell-cycle progression and the generation of asymmetry in
... analysis of the cell cycle. Caulobacter has also emerged as a model system for understanding how bacteria establish and maintain cellular asymmetry. Each cell division in this organism produces two daughter cells that are morphologically and physiologically distinct (FIG. 1). Asymmetric cell divisio ...
... analysis of the cell cycle. Caulobacter has also emerged as a model system for understanding how bacteria establish and maintain cellular asymmetry. Each cell division in this organism produces two daughter cells that are morphologically and physiologically distinct (FIG. 1). Asymmetric cell divisio ...
Changes in Pectin Structure during Epidermal Cell Elongation in
... JIM7, which recognizes those with a high degree of methylesterification (Knox et al. 1990). In the outer epidermal wall of the elongating region, JIM5 was labeled sparsely on the outer half of the cell wall,with little or no labeling on the inner half except for a row of gold particles in the inner ...
... JIM7, which recognizes those with a high degree of methylesterification (Knox et al. 1990). In the outer epidermal wall of the elongating region, JIM5 was labeled sparsely on the outer half of the cell wall,with little or no labeling on the inner half except for a row of gold particles in the inner ...
Report into the death of Prisoner D 2016
... in the cell and I assumed that he was in the shower. In my experience I have seen prisoners taking showers at unusual times of the night. I proceeded to the watch tower button and pressed it. I looked back into the cell and I still saw steam. I continued with my guard tour and checked other prisone ...
... in the cell and I assumed that he was in the shower. In my experience I have seen prisoners taking showers at unusual times of the night. I proceeded to the watch tower button and pressed it. I looked back into the cell and I still saw steam. I continued with my guard tour and checked other prisone ...
as a PDF
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the production of fermented dairy products such as cheeses, yoghurts and creams because of their technological, nutritional and eventual health properties. The production of organic (mainly lactic and acetic) acids and the resulting acidification is esse ...
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the production of fermented dairy products such as cheeses, yoghurts and creams because of their technological, nutritional and eventual health properties. The production of organic (mainly lactic and acetic) acids and the resulting acidification is esse ...
T Cell Proliferation Induced by Autologous Non
... polyclonal Ab production or mediate autocytotoxic activity (19 – 23). The AMLR is MHC class II restricted (18, 23), but the antigenic peptides that are involved are not known. A popular concept that has evolved in the context of autoreactivity involves cleaved fragments of self-Ags produced through ...
... polyclonal Ab production or mediate autocytotoxic activity (19 – 23). The AMLR is MHC class II restricted (18, 23), but the antigenic peptides that are involved are not known. A popular concept that has evolved in the context of autoreactivity involves cleaved fragments of self-Ags produced through ...
PDF
... in contact with the endodermal precursor (E.x), and a somatic daughter, D, which was in contact with the C daughter cell (C.x) (3/3 cases) (Fig. 1D), as observed in intact embryos (20/20 cases). However, we were surprised to find that the P4 cell in the P2 isolates was frequently generated in an inv ...
... in contact with the endodermal precursor (E.x), and a somatic daughter, D, which was in contact with the C daughter cell (C.x) (3/3 cases) (Fig. 1D), as observed in intact embryos (20/20 cases). However, we were surprised to find that the P4 cell in the P2 isolates was frequently generated in an inv ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... depolymerizing drugs causes cell plates to be misoriented, but as there are many potential roles for Factin in division plane orientation, these studies have not definitively established a function for the ADZ. When semi-synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with actin-depolymerizing drugs at ...
... depolymerizing drugs causes cell plates to be misoriented, but as there are many potential roles for Factin in division plane orientation, these studies have not definitively established a function for the ADZ. When semi-synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with actin-depolymerizing drugs at ...
New Views on the Plant Cytoskeleton
... the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacological strategies. The use of cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs provided broad insights into the partici ...
... the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton. Ever since their discovery in plant cells in the 1960s and 1970s, the function of microtubules and actin microfilaments has been analyzed largely by pharmacological strategies. The use of cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs provided broad insights into the partici ...
1 Laccases direct lignification in the discrete secondary cell wall
... within the cell wall. Monolignol polymerization occurs by oxidative combinatorial coupling of monolignols, catalyzed by cell wall-localized laccases and/or peroxidases (Vanholme et al., 2012). A peroxidase (ZPO-C), originally isolated from xylogenic Zinnia elegans cell cultures, has been localized t ...
... within the cell wall. Monolignol polymerization occurs by oxidative combinatorial coupling of monolignols, catalyzed by cell wall-localized laccases and/or peroxidases (Vanholme et al., 2012). A peroxidase (ZPO-C), originally isolated from xylogenic Zinnia elegans cell cultures, has been localized t ...
Separate Metabolic Pathways Leading to DNA Fragmentation
... activation within the dying cells. However, other researchers (35, 36) have advanced evidence that chromatin condensation may be triggered through endonuclease-independent pathways. Several cytosolic and membrane bound factors, including components of the signal transduction pathway, are thought to ...
... activation within the dying cells. However, other researchers (35, 36) have advanced evidence that chromatin condensation may be triggered through endonuclease-independent pathways. Several cytosolic and membrane bound factors, including components of the signal transduction pathway, are thought to ...
Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: where do we stand?
... vaccine manufacturers; therefore the change to new cell substrates and processes may prevail rather slowly. Old vaccine processes often still rely on chicken embryo fibroblasts ...
... vaccine manufacturers; therefore the change to new cell substrates and processes may prevail rather slowly. Old vaccine processes often still rely on chicken embryo fibroblasts ...
The Control of Patterning and Morphogenesis during Root
... cells help to define cell identity. At what point during epidermis development does this signaling take place? Trichoblasts and atrichoblasts exhibit cytological differences within the meristematic region of the root, which indicates that cell-type specification begins at an early stage of developme ...
... cells help to define cell identity. At what point during epidermis development does this signaling take place? Trichoblasts and atrichoblasts exhibit cytological differences within the meristematic region of the root, which indicates that cell-type specification begins at an early stage of developme ...
An ARL1 mutation affected autophagic cell death in yeast
... mammalian genes like bax and p53 leads to cell death, and the cell death is inhibited by expression of mammalian antiapoptotic genes.1 ± 5 Although the S. cerevisiae genome lacks structural homologues of the mammalian apoptosisrelated genes such as bax and caspase, these results suggest the presence ...
... mammalian genes like bax and p53 leads to cell death, and the cell death is inhibited by expression of mammalian antiapoptotic genes.1 ± 5 Although the S. cerevisiae genome lacks structural homologues of the mammalian apoptosisrelated genes such as bax and caspase, these results suggest the presence ...
Figure 1 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
... are regulated by the polarity proteins Par1 and Bazooka, the physical mechanism remains to be investigated. ...
... are regulated by the polarity proteins Par1 and Bazooka, the physical mechanism remains to be investigated. ...
Extended Survivability of Prostate Cancer Cells
... hormone-refractory human prostate cancer cells. Little information exists in regard to differential properties of normal and cancerous prostate epithelial cells in terms of sensitivity to apoptosis induction. Furthermore, no systematic studies have been performed to investigate the interrelationship ...
... hormone-refractory human prostate cancer cells. Little information exists in regard to differential properties of normal and cancerous prostate epithelial cells in terms of sensitivity to apoptosis induction. Furthermore, no systematic studies have been performed to investigate the interrelationship ...
Measuring the stiffness of bacterial cells from growth
... quantitative, reproducible assay that is capable of medium- or high-throughput analysis of cell stiffness. This approach is technically straightforward, incorporates components found in most biological labs and consists of an extendable platform that accommodates the assaying of cellular mechanical ...
... quantitative, reproducible assay that is capable of medium- or high-throughput analysis of cell stiffness. This approach is technically straightforward, incorporates components found in most biological labs and consists of an extendable platform that accommodates the assaying of cellular mechanical ...
Cell size: a consequence of growth and division?
... cells overexpressing Dp110 or dAKT1 are larger in area than but contain the same number of cells as control clones (Weinkove et al., 1999; Verdu et al., 1999)‡. This observation indicates that increasing signalling via the insulin/PI 3-kinase pathway can promote growth without having a proportional ...
... cells overexpressing Dp110 or dAKT1 are larger in area than but contain the same number of cells as control clones (Weinkove et al., 1999; Verdu et al., 1999)‡. This observation indicates that increasing signalling via the insulin/PI 3-kinase pathway can promote growth without having a proportional ...
Arabidopsis CSLD5 Functions in Cell Plate
... from other CSL families. Isolation of root hairless csld3 mutants (Favery et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2001) implicated this class of cell wall synthases in tip-restricted cell expansion. Subsequent demonstration that csld2 mutants also displayed root hair defects and specific roles for CSLD1 and CSLD4 ...
... from other CSL families. Isolation of root hairless csld3 mutants (Favery et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2001) implicated this class of cell wall synthases in tip-restricted cell expansion. Subsequent demonstration that csld2 mutants also displayed root hair defects and specific roles for CSLD1 and CSLD4 ...
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
... immune system, especially the cytotoxic T cell response? And, how do they survive despite the absence of Ig expression? A common answer for both questions might be the evasion from death receptor–induced apoptosis. In particular, the CD95 system is involved in both processes, the CTL-mediated target ...
... immune system, especially the cytotoxic T cell response? And, how do they survive despite the absence of Ig expression? A common answer for both questions might be the evasion from death receptor–induced apoptosis. In particular, the CD95 system is involved in both processes, the CTL-mediated target ...
Cell types
... Cell types Trichomes Trichomes can appear as singular "hairs" or they can be branched as seen in these two stellate trichomes. Trichome shape is indicative of a particular plant species and has been used in taxonomy to identify plants. ...
... Cell types Trichomes Trichomes can appear as singular "hairs" or they can be branched as seen in these two stellate trichomes. Trichome shape is indicative of a particular plant species and has been used in taxonomy to identify plants. ...
Break of symmetry in regenerating tobacco protoplasts is
... cases, are round and apparently have lost axis and polarity. Nevertheless, they can be induced to regenerate complete plants, as has been demonstrated for the first time for tobacco (Nagata and Takebe 1970). Upon standardization of the system, Zaban et al. (2013) were able to generate quantitative da ...
... cases, are round and apparently have lost axis and polarity. Nevertheless, they can be induced to regenerate complete plants, as has been demonstrated for the first time for tobacco (Nagata and Takebe 1970). Upon standardization of the system, Zaban et al. (2013) were able to generate quantitative da ...
A Simple 1-D Physical Model for the Crawling Nematode Sperm Cell
... lamellipodial network consisting of major sperm protein (MSP). Importantly, these cells look and move much like similarly shaped actin based cells. Understanding locomotion of the sperm cells will elucidate the general principles of migration in actin based cells. Major sperm protein forms symmetric ...
... lamellipodial network consisting of major sperm protein (MSP). Importantly, these cells look and move much like similarly shaped actin based cells. Understanding locomotion of the sperm cells will elucidate the general principles of migration in actin based cells. Major sperm protein forms symmetric ...
Divergent Roles for Maize PAN1 and PAN2 Receptor
... polarized growth in interstomatal cells. Localization of PAN1, Rho of Plants2, and PIN1a suggests that PAN2-dependent cell shape changes do not involve any of these proteins, indicating that PAN2 function is linked to actin polymerization by a different mechanism in interstomatal cells compared with ...
... polarized growth in interstomatal cells. Localization of PAN1, Rho of Plants2, and PIN1a suggests that PAN2-dependent cell shape changes do not involve any of these proteins, indicating that PAN2 function is linked to actin polymerization by a different mechanism in interstomatal cells compared with ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.