Expression of the Activating Transcription Factor 3 Prevents c
... al., 1997). JNK/SAPK activity increases in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons after NGF withdrawal, and this increase occurs before the cell death commitment point (Eilers et al., 1998). Furthermore, overexpression of an activated form of the mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) kinase 1 (⌬ME ...
... al., 1997). JNK/SAPK activity increases in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons after NGF withdrawal, and this increase occurs before the cell death commitment point (Eilers et al., 1998). Furthermore, overexpression of an activated form of the mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) kinase 1 (⌬ME ...
Chewing the fat on natural killer T cell development
... returning to the cell membrane to present the ligands to developing NKT cells (6–8). The prototypic NKT cell antigen is α-galacytosylceramide (α-GalCer) (9, 10), which is recognized by most, if not all, NKT cells in mice and humans. αGalCer, a glycosphingolipid derived from marine sponges, is a pote ...
... returning to the cell membrane to present the ligands to developing NKT cells (6–8). The prototypic NKT cell antigen is α-galacytosylceramide (α-GalCer) (9, 10), which is recognized by most, if not all, NKT cells in mice and humans. αGalCer, a glycosphingolipid derived from marine sponges, is a pote ...
Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and
... walls depend on fine details of their macromolecular structure and conformation, and on their highly ordered architecture at scales from a few nanometers (i.e. just above the molecular scale) to several microns. Much of this fine detail is lost when cell-wall polymers are extracted into solution, as ...
... walls depend on fine details of their macromolecular structure and conformation, and on their highly ordered architecture at scales from a few nanometers (i.e. just above the molecular scale) to several microns. Much of this fine detail is lost when cell-wall polymers are extracted into solution, as ...
Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins
... expansion, which is consistent with their hypothesized role as catalysts of acid growth. In the cucumber hypocotyl expansins can account for most, if not all, of the acid-growth behavior of isolated walls. This conclusion is based on several results, including sensitivity to pH and to various chemic ...
... expansion, which is consistent with their hypothesized role as catalysts of acid growth. In the cucumber hypocotyl expansins can account for most, if not all, of the acid-growth behavior of isolated walls. This conclusion is based on several results, including sensitivity to pH and to various chemic ...
Drosophila asymmetric division, polarity and cancer - e
... conditions (Golubovsky et al., 2006). It is, therefore, reasonable to suspect that flies in these populations might be affected by tumours caused by the loss of heterozygosity for mutant alleles of lgl, something that, no doubt, could be extrapolated to other fly populations and TS genes. The first Dro ...
... conditions (Golubovsky et al., 2006). It is, therefore, reasonable to suspect that flies in these populations might be affected by tumours caused by the loss of heterozygosity for mutant alleles of lgl, something that, no doubt, could be extrapolated to other fly populations and TS genes. The first Dro ...
The study of cell cycle control is entering a new and exciting phase
... biological techniques have been used to investigate this gene and we shall now summarize what these recent studies have shown concerning the molecular role of this gene function in the cell. Plasmids containing the cdc2 and cdc28 genes have been isolated from gene banks by virtue of their ability to ...
... biological techniques have been used to investigate this gene and we shall now summarize what these recent studies have shown concerning the molecular role of this gene function in the cell. Plasmids containing the cdc2 and cdc28 genes have been isolated from gene banks by virtue of their ability to ...
Organelle Trail - cloudfront.net
... 2. Biology4Kids.com – http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html Learn all about a cell's structure and the functions of its organelles on this website. They also discuss the difference between a plant and animal cell. You are able to click on the various parts of the cell using the menu on th ...
... 2. Biology4Kids.com – http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html Learn all about a cell's structure and the functions of its organelles on this website. They also discuss the difference between a plant and animal cell. You are able to click on the various parts of the cell using the menu on th ...
Genetic Regulation of Embryonic Pattern Formation
... elongated and divides more randomly to give daughter cells of variable sizes (Mayer et al., 1993), but the basal cell nevertheless generates a shortened suspensor and the apical cell forms an embryo proper. Later in development, gn embryos can give rise to ball-shaped seedlings without any signs of ...
... elongated and divides more randomly to give daughter cells of variable sizes (Mayer et al., 1993), but the basal cell nevertheless generates a shortened suspensor and the apical cell forms an embryo proper. Later in development, gn embryos can give rise to ball-shaped seedlings without any signs of ...
Female Gametophyte Development in Flowering Plants
... species Arabidopsis and rice, micropylar megaspores undergo programmed cell death, and the chalazal-most megaspore becomes functional and ultimately forms the female gametophyte, the embryo sac (Figure 1b). Concurrently, epidermal cells at the proximal third of the nucellus divide parallel to the lo ...
... species Arabidopsis and rice, micropylar megaspores undergo programmed cell death, and the chalazal-most megaspore becomes functional and ultimately forms the female gametophyte, the embryo sac (Figure 1b). Concurrently, epidermal cells at the proximal third of the nucellus divide parallel to the lo ...
PDF
... RNAi experiments were performed by feeding (Kamath et al., 2001), using RNAi clones obtained from Geneservice, with the exception of the unc-53L RNAi clone pVA504, which was generated by cloning a 0.3-kb XhoI-NcoI PCR fragment corresponding to nucleotides 1 to 280 (exons 1-4) of the unc53 cDNA from ...
... RNAi experiments were performed by feeding (Kamath et al., 2001), using RNAi clones obtained from Geneservice, with the exception of the unc-53L RNAi clone pVA504, which was generated by cloning a 0.3-kb XhoI-NcoI PCR fragment corresponding to nucleotides 1 to 280 (exons 1-4) of the unc53 cDNA from ...
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor KRP6 Induces Mitosis and
... the need for both cell cycle types for successful RKN reproduction (de Almeida Engler et al., 2012). Different types of CDK/CYC complexes account for the correct temporal and unidirectional ordering of cell cycle events (Inzé and De Veylder, 2006). The model plant species Arabidopsis encodes up to 1 ...
... the need for both cell cycle types for successful RKN reproduction (de Almeida Engler et al., 2012). Different types of CDK/CYC complexes account for the correct temporal and unidirectional ordering of cell cycle events (Inzé and De Veylder, 2006). The model plant species Arabidopsis encodes up to 1 ...
Inductive asymmetric cell division
... uniformly to all nuclei and cell–cell interfaces.2,22 How then is the WRM-1 nuclear asymmetry established in the daughters of EMS? When the EMS cell enters mitosis, WRM-1 is displaced from the posterior half of the cortex of the dividing EMS Figure 1. Genetic model of P2/EMS signaling. Schematic rep ...
... uniformly to all nuclei and cell–cell interfaces.2,22 How then is the WRM-1 nuclear asymmetry established in the daughters of EMS? When the EMS cell enters mitosis, WRM-1 is displaced from the posterior half of the cortex of the dividing EMS Figure 1. Genetic model of P2/EMS signaling. Schematic rep ...
COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN2–Mediated
... competence or signals for vascular cell fate. Before the differentiation of veins, their incipient paths can be recognized first as a path of ground cells with responsiveness of auxin-sensitive reporters (Mattsson et al., 2003) and then anatomically as files of elongated procambial cells that are vi ...
... competence or signals for vascular cell fate. Before the differentiation of veins, their incipient paths can be recognized first as a path of ground cells with responsiveness of auxin-sensitive reporters (Mattsson et al., 2003) and then anatomically as files of elongated procambial cells that are vi ...
The Growing Outer Epidermal Wall: Design and
... have largely focused on the plant axis (hypocotyl) in their efforts to elucidate the mechanism of cell enlargement. Axial organs (stems, coleoptiles) grow almost exclusively in length owing to the anisotropic properties of the cell walls. Numerous studies have shown that the dermal tissue system, wh ...
... have largely focused on the plant axis (hypocotyl) in their efforts to elucidate the mechanism of cell enlargement. Axial organs (stems, coleoptiles) grow almost exclusively in length owing to the anisotropic properties of the cell walls. Numerous studies have shown that the dermal tissue system, wh ...
1 Breast Cancer Cell Line Development and Authentication
... 2.1 Establishment of the HeLa cell line and cell line production Indoubtedly, the most important factor to change biomedical research and our understanding of disease at the cellular and molecular levels was the establishment of the first continuously growing human cell line, the HeLa cell (Gey et a ...
... 2.1 Establishment of the HeLa cell line and cell line production Indoubtedly, the most important factor to change biomedical research and our understanding of disease at the cellular and molecular levels was the establishment of the first continuously growing human cell line, the HeLa cell (Gey et a ...
Mutant Superoxide Dismutase-1-Linked Familial Amyotrophic
... an enhancement of Cu 21-catalyzed oxidative reactions. In this report, we describe a unique approach for studying the mechanisms underlying neuronal death induced by mutant SOD. We used replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses (AdVs) to deliver and express human wild-type or mutant SOD genes i ...
... an enhancement of Cu 21-catalyzed oxidative reactions. In this report, we describe a unique approach for studying the mechanisms underlying neuronal death induced by mutant SOD. We used replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses (AdVs) to deliver and express human wild-type or mutant SOD genes i ...
Clear Cell Tumors of the Head and Neck: An
... from intercalated ducts with biphasic duct like structures. Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) show clusters of tumor cells separated by broad bands of hyalinized stroma that may undergo myxoid or hyaline degeneration.3 Primary salivary tumors should be distinguished from clear cell metastatic ...
... from intercalated ducts with biphasic duct like structures. Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) show clusters of tumor cells separated by broad bands of hyalinized stroma that may undergo myxoid or hyaline degeneration.3 Primary salivary tumors should be distinguished from clear cell metastatic ...
Phosphatidylserine, a death knell
... caspase-dependent.75 In addition, at least in lymphocytes, application of EGTA to apoptotic cells can restore translocase activity and extinguish scramblase activity.69 These findings argue that the regulation of the translocase and scramblase can be reversible, making it unlikely that they are dire ...
... caspase-dependent.75 In addition, at least in lymphocytes, application of EGTA to apoptotic cells can restore translocase activity and extinguish scramblase activity.69 These findings argue that the regulation of the translocase and scramblase can be reversible, making it unlikely that they are dire ...
Fukuda, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol
... flow that starts initially by diffusion induces the formation of a polar auxin transport cell system, which in turn promotes auxin transport and leads to canalization of auxin flow along a narrow file of cells. This continuous polar transport of auxin through cells finally results in the differentia ...
... flow that starts initially by diffusion induces the formation of a polar auxin transport cell system, which in turn promotes auxin transport and leads to canalization of auxin flow along a narrow file of cells. This continuous polar transport of auxin through cells finally results in the differentia ...
Symmetry, asymmetry, and the cell cycle in plants: known knowns
... et al., 2009). The molecular mechanisms that control the asymmetry of cell divisions have been hypothesized to be tightly coupled to cell cycle timing and progression (Zhong, 2008), as asymmetric divisions often depend on cell cycle regulators and are essential for normal plant development and repro ...
... et al., 2009). The molecular mechanisms that control the asymmetry of cell divisions have been hypothesized to be tightly coupled to cell cycle timing and progression (Zhong, 2008), as asymmetric divisions often depend on cell cycle regulators and are essential for normal plant development and repro ...
Mechanics of the Cvtoskeleton
... them. This movementwill thereforedeterminethe orientationof cellulosemicrofibrils and thus the anisotropyof the cell wall. It is at this point that the microtubules come into play. ln fact, it was cell-wall anisotropythat led Green (1962) to predict that microtubulesmust exist even beforethey were a ...
... them. This movementwill thereforedeterminethe orientationof cellulosemicrofibrils and thus the anisotropyof the cell wall. It is at this point that the microtubules come into play. ln fact, it was cell-wall anisotropythat led Green (1962) to predict that microtubulesmust exist even beforethey were a ...
N. Synapse & Neurotransmitter
... Glycine -makes the post-synaptic membrane more permeable to Cl- ion. Hyperpolarization! (IPSP) -Spinal cord, Brain stem -GlyR (Glycine receptor) -Glycine-gated chloride channels ...
... Glycine -makes the post-synaptic membrane more permeable to Cl- ion. Hyperpolarization! (IPSP) -Spinal cord, Brain stem -GlyR (Glycine receptor) -Glycine-gated chloride channels ...
Switching the Cell Cycle. Kip-Related Proteins in Plant Cell
... CDK-cyclin complex, respectively. In contrast, inhibitors of the Kip/Cip family (p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2) bind and inhibit a broader range of CDKs and function in dimeric as well as heterotrimeric complexes with CDKs and cyclins; all share a conserved inhibitory domain at their N terminus. Kip ...
... CDK-cyclin complex, respectively. In contrast, inhibitors of the Kip/Cip family (p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2) bind and inhibit a broader range of CDKs and function in dimeric as well as heterotrimeric complexes with CDKs and cyclins; all share a conserved inhibitory domain at their N terminus. Kip ...
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell-death (or PCD) is death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death, but necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.Necrosis is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.