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... security in the 21st century. One major cause is anthropogenic emissions that cause a rapid increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), resulting in negative impacts on both environmental and socio-economic development [1]. From a mitigation perspective, there have been se ...
... security in the 21st century. One major cause is anthropogenic emissions that cause a rapid increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), resulting in negative impacts on both environmental and socio-economic development [1]. From a mitigation perspective, there have been se ...
Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol
... households. Without additional policy measures, EU total greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase by some 6 % in 2010 from 1990 levels. Comparing these “business as usual” estimates1 to the EU Kyoto target implies an almost double reduction effort of – 14% (around 600 Mt of CO2 equivalent). ...
... households. Without additional policy measures, EU total greenhouse gas emissions are expected to increase by some 6 % in 2010 from 1990 levels. Comparing these “business as usual” estimates1 to the EU Kyoto target implies an almost double reduction effort of – 14% (around 600 Mt of CO2 equivalent). ...
Explaining Human Influences on Carbon Dioxide Emissions across
... In recent years, the theory of global climate change has raised rapidly growing concem throughout the world. It is now widely acknowledged that the warming of the Eatih is a well-founded, scientifically tested phenomenon, which has the potential to wreak serious havoc on natural systems and human p ...
... In recent years, the theory of global climate change has raised rapidly growing concem throughout the world. It is now widely acknowledged that the warming of the Eatih is a well-founded, scientifically tested phenomenon, which has the potential to wreak serious havoc on natural systems and human p ...
Facing the Climate Change Challenge in a Global Economy
... projected growth in GHG emissions over the next several decades will come in developing countries whose ongoing industrialization will bring in its train a rapid increase in per capita energy use and GHG ...
... projected growth in GHG emissions over the next several decades will come in developing countries whose ongoing industrialization will bring in its train a rapid increase in per capita energy use and GHG ...
Session 2: who is responsible?
... released into the atmosphere as a result of activities by an individual person, an organisation, a community, a country or an event. Explain that every person on our planet has a carbon footprint. However some people and some countries have larger carbon footprints than others. Ask learners why they ...
... released into the atmosphere as a result of activities by an individual person, an organisation, a community, a country or an event. Explain that every person on our planet has a carbon footprint. However some people and some countries have larger carbon footprints than others. Ask learners why they ...
Rethinking wedges
... those occurring during three distinct phases of mitigation: (1) slowing growth of emissions, (2) stopping growth of emissions, and (3) reducing emissions. Although they noted that stabilizing the climate would require emissions to ‘eventually drop to zero’, Pacala and Socolow nonetheless defined ‘so ...
... those occurring during three distinct phases of mitigation: (1) slowing growth of emissions, (2) stopping growth of emissions, and (3) reducing emissions. Although they noted that stabilizing the climate would require emissions to ‘eventually drop to zero’, Pacala and Socolow nonetheless defined ‘so ...
Uruguay`s iNDC
... National circumstances, global ambition and ambition levels by sector For the past 10 years Uruguay has grown at an average annual rate of 5.4%. During this period, energy demands from the industrial sector increased threefold and food production was three and a half times greater. This growth brou ...
... National circumstances, global ambition and ambition levels by sector For the past 10 years Uruguay has grown at an average annual rate of 5.4%. During this period, energy demands from the industrial sector increased threefold and food production was three and a half times greater. This growth brou ...
Our Strategy for Climate Action
... Teck is a signatory of the 2015 Paris Pledge, in support of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The Paris Agreement provides a global framework for action on climate change, and targets to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. We are al ...
... Teck is a signatory of the 2015 Paris Pledge, in support of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The Paris Agreement provides a global framework for action on climate change, and targets to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. We are al ...
... GHG concentrations at a level that would avoid dangerous human interference with the climate system. The Kyoto Protocol establishes binding targets in many developed countries and contributes to global GHG reductions. Ireland’s target is to limit emissions to no more than an annual average of 62.8 M ...
PDF
... businesses as greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced. Alternatively the government awards NZUs to the Forestry sector, as forests sequestrate carbon. Unlike some other schemes there is no limit to the amount of NZUs that the government may issue. NZUs also have a price cap of 25 NZD, until the end of ...
... businesses as greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced. Alternatively the government awards NZUs to the Forestry sector, as forests sequestrate carbon. Unlike some other schemes there is no limit to the amount of NZUs that the government may issue. NZUs also have a price cap of 25 NZD, until the end of ...
Italian Policies and Measures to Respond to Climate Change
... (CDM) and Emissions Trading (ET) is to exploit the differentials in marginal costs of climate change mitigation between different countries 7. Leaving aside for a moment the specificity of each mechanism, it is interesting to note here that the three Kyoto mechanisms are perfectly “interchangeable”, ...
... (CDM) and Emissions Trading (ET) is to exploit the differentials in marginal costs of climate change mitigation between different countries 7. Leaving aside for a moment the specificity of each mechanism, it is interesting to note here that the three Kyoto mechanisms are perfectly “interchangeable”, ...
U.S. Global Climate Change Policy: Evolving Views on Cost, Competitiveness, and Comprehensiveness
... Cost, as a sound-bite, commonly refers to some monetary estimate of what a GHG reduction program would require, typically expressed as a gross dollar amount or as a percentage reduction in gross domestic product for some period of time. Costs most often are cited by a number or percentage, but costs ...
... Cost, as a sound-bite, commonly refers to some monetary estimate of what a GHG reduction program would require, typically expressed as a gross dollar amount or as a percentage reduction in gross domestic product for some period of time. Costs most often are cited by a number or percentage, but costs ...
All developing countries where there is any ability to measure
... China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China won’t start until after the rich countries have gone first. There seems to me only one possible solution. At the same time that the US agrees to binding emission cuts in the manner of Kyoto, China and other developing countries a ...
... China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China won’t start until after the rich countries have gone first. There seems to me only one possible solution. At the same time that the US agrees to binding emission cuts in the manner of Kyoto, China and other developing countries a ...
DOCX 118KB - Climate Change Authority
... Appendix B Global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Appendix B1 International climate institutions B1.1 UNFCCC The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 1994. With 195 Parties, it has one of the most universal memberships of any international treaty. UNF ...
... Appendix B Global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Appendix B1 International climate institutions B1.1 UNFCCC The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 1994. With 195 Parties, it has one of the most universal memberships of any international treaty. UNF ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES Lee G. Branstetter William A. Pizer
... this global nature has created an unusually polarizing international dilemma. 4 The preponderance of projected growth in GHG emissions over the next several decades will come in developing countries whose ongoing industrialization will bring in its train a rapid increase in per capita energy use and ...
... this global nature has created an unusually polarizing international dilemma. 4 The preponderance of projected growth in GHG emissions over the next several decades will come in developing countries whose ongoing industrialization will bring in its train a rapid increase in per capita energy use and ...
Workplan
... 2. Background The Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth includes five headline targets that set out where the EU should be in 2020. One of them relates to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2020. While the major GHG issue for the total economy in industrialized countries is CO ...
... 2. Background The Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth includes five headline targets that set out where the EU should be in 2020. One of them relates to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2020. While the major GHG issue for the total economy in industrialized countries is CO ...
Climate and Atmosphere-- United States
... promotes the Convention's ultimate objective of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic [human-made] interference with the climate system". The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Ann ...
... promotes the Convention's ultimate objective of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic [human-made] interference with the climate system". The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Ann ...
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Africa
... The African share of global emissions from fossil fuel was 2.3% and per capita emissions were among the lowest in the world. However, the observed growth rate of emissions (above the world average), caused by rapid growth in per capita GDP and the fastest population growth in the world, will likely ...
... The African share of global emissions from fossil fuel was 2.3% and per capita emissions were among the lowest in the world. However, the observed growth rate of emissions (above the world average), caused by rapid growth in per capita GDP and the fastest population growth in the world, will likely ...
PDF
... the reporting system needed to support WCI); Electricity (define the point of regulation for the electricity industry); Scope (identify other sectors and sources to include in the cap-and-trade program); Allocations (specify how to distribute emissions allowances); and Offsets (examine whether and h ...
... the reporting system needed to support WCI); Electricity (define the point of regulation for the electricity industry); Scope (identify other sectors and sources to include in the cap-and-trade program); Allocations (specify how to distribute emissions allowances); and Offsets (examine whether and h ...
Climate Change: Kyoto Protocol and International Actions
... “greenhouse gases” (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere and causing potentially damaging climate change, nearly all nations of the world joined together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nation ...
... “greenhouse gases” (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere and causing potentially damaging climate change, nearly all nations of the world joined together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nation ...
The Kyoto Protocol and International Actions
... “greenhouse gases” (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere and causing potentially damaging climate change, nearly all nations of the world joined together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nation ...
... “greenhouse gases” (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere and causing potentially damaging climate change, nearly all nations of the world joined together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The United States was one of the first nation ...
Climate and Atmosphere-- Bosnia and Herzegovina
... promotes the Convention's ultimate objective of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic [human-made] interference with the climate system". The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Ann ...
... promotes the Convention's ultimate objective of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic [human-made] interference with the climate system". The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Ann ...
The Economics of "When" Flexibility in the Design of Greenhouse Gas
... climate policy goals are adopted, greater flexibility will mean greater cost-effectiveness in achieving them. Greater cost-effectiveness, in turn, will mean a greater likelihood that the policy will actually be followed and the goals achieved. The literature has identified several important types of ...
... climate policy goals are adopted, greater flexibility will mean greater cost-effectiveness in achieving them. Greater cost-effectiveness, in turn, will mean a greater likelihood that the policy will actually be followed and the goals achieved. The literature has identified several important types of ...
Lord Nicholas Stern Towards A Global Deal on Climate Change
... the argument. e next step concerns what type of economic instruments are most appropriate in getting us there and in particular what price for carbon we should have. ere is a marginal cost associated with each moment of time and the levels of cuts that need to be made. So, the simple story of 500 ...
... the argument. e next step concerns what type of economic instruments are most appropriate in getting us there and in particular what price for carbon we should have. ere is a marginal cost associated with each moment of time and the levels of cuts that need to be made. So, the simple story of 500 ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.