Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions
... emissions per capita). However, it is plausible that there are economies or diseconomies of scale associated with larger populations. For example, larger populations may allow more effective use of mass transit systems and other infrastructure, reducing per capita impact at higher levels of populati ...
... emissions per capita). However, it is plausible that there are economies or diseconomies of scale associated with larger populations. For example, larger populations may allow more effective use of mass transit systems and other infrastructure, reducing per capita impact at higher levels of populati ...
Working Paper 224 - Baranzini et al (opens in new window)
... Discarded at the Conference of Parties (COP) of Copenhagen in 2009, it remained part of deliberations for a climate agreement in subsequent years. Unfortunately, there is still much misunderstanding about the reasons for implementing a global carbon price. As a result, ideological and political resi ...
... Discarded at the Conference of Parties (COP) of Copenhagen in 2009, it remained part of deliberations for a climate agreement in subsequent years. Unfortunately, there is still much misunderstanding about the reasons for implementing a global carbon price. As a result, ideological and political resi ...
Scaled-up Market Mechanisms – What is Needed to
... A variation of this would be to systematically apply the national sectoral baseline to all installations. CCAP recently recommended this approach to solve the problem of getting the international market price incentive to individual entities in a country. CCAP (2009): A tradable intensity standard f ...
... A variation of this would be to systematically apply the national sectoral baseline to all installations. CCAP recently recommended this approach to solve the problem of getting the international market price incentive to individual entities in a country. CCAP (2009): A tradable intensity standard f ...
PDF
... The debate on price versus quantity instruments for tackling climate change has continued for decades. Although the introduction of a European emission trading scheme within the Kyoto framework could have represented a pragmatic resolution to this discussion, the need to engage the US and other larg ...
... The debate on price versus quantity instruments for tackling climate change has continued for decades. Although the introduction of a European emission trading scheme within the Kyoto framework could have represented a pragmatic resolution to this discussion, the need to engage the US and other larg ...
Tropical Forests and Climate Policy
... Reducing deforestation rates 50% by 2050 more frequent and severe droughts. Over the and then maintaining them at this level until last 5 years, a number of Amazon Basin and 2100 would avoid the direct release of up to 50 Southeast Asian droughts have been uncouGtC this century (equivalent to nearly ...
... Reducing deforestation rates 50% by 2050 more frequent and severe droughts. Over the and then maintaining them at this level until last 5 years, a number of Amazon Basin and 2100 would avoid the direct release of up to 50 Southeast Asian droughts have been uncouGtC this century (equivalent to nearly ...
Carbon Pricing Watch - World bank documents
... to help with their compliance obligations, or 90 percent of the total 1.6 billion allowed by the EU ETS between 2008 and 2020. The former number represents about 60 percent of total Kyoto credits issued so far.21 The total residual demand for Kyoto credits between 2015 and 2020 in existing carbon pr ...
... to help with their compliance obligations, or 90 percent of the total 1.6 billion allowed by the EU ETS between 2008 and 2020. The former number represents about 60 percent of total Kyoto credits issued so far.21 The total residual demand for Kyoto credits between 2015 and 2020 in existing carbon pr ...
Climate Change Negotiations: The United Nations Framework
... Despite the voluntary pledges made under the Convention, greenhouse gas emissions in many developed countries continued to rise. As a result, a number of nations approved an addition to the treaty and, in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was finalized under the Convention. The Kyoto Protocol has more powerf ...
... Despite the voluntary pledges made under the Convention, greenhouse gas emissions in many developed countries continued to rise. As a result, a number of nations approved an addition to the treaty and, in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was finalized under the Convention. The Kyoto Protocol has more powerf ...
Carbon Budget and Trends
... (2005) PNAS 102:10823-10827. Breshears DD, Cobb NS, Richd PM, Price KP, Allen CD (2005) PNAS 42:15144-15148. Canadell JG, Corinne Le Quéré, Michael R. Raupach, Christopher B. Field, Erik T. Buitehuis, Philippe Ciais, Thomas J. Conway, NP Gillett, RA Houghton, Gregg Marland (2007) PNAS. Canadell JG, ...
... (2005) PNAS 102:10823-10827. Breshears DD, Cobb NS, Richd PM, Price KP, Allen CD (2005) PNAS 42:15144-15148. Canadell JG, Corinne Le Quéré, Michael R. Raupach, Christopher B. Field, Erik T. Buitehuis, Philippe Ciais, Thomas J. Conway, NP Gillett, RA Houghton, Gregg Marland (2007) PNAS. Canadell JG, ...
The Kyoto Protocol and the Future of Carbon Emissions Reduction
... its own to influence policies affecting the developing world. As part of the G-77 group, China can use the total influence of the group as a defense against being singled out.38 However, China’s size lets it take a controlling role in forming the opinions of the G-77. The position of the G-77 has re ...
... its own to influence policies affecting the developing world. As part of the G-77 group, China can use the total influence of the group as a defense against being singled out.38 However, China’s size lets it take a controlling role in forming the opinions of the G-77. The position of the G-77 has re ...
All developing countries where there is any ability to measure
... Propositions 1 and 2 alone sound as though they add up to a hopeless Catch-22 problem. Nothing much can happen without the United States, the United States will not proceed unless China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China will not start until after the rich countries hav ...
... Propositions 1 and 2 alone sound as though they add up to a hopeless Catch-22 problem. Nothing much can happen without the United States, the United States will not proceed unless China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China will not start until after the rich countries hav ...
Impacts of Climate-carbon Cycle Feedbacks on
... Climate change will reduce the carbon cycle’s ability to sequester CO2 Models have consensus on sign (+ve), but not magnitude of feedback (i.e. C4MIP) ...
... Climate change will reduce the carbon cycle’s ability to sequester CO2 Models have consensus on sign (+ve), but not magnitude of feedback (i.e. C4MIP) ...
What Is the Right Price for Carbon Emissions?
... spend today to protect future generations against the unknown risks emissions create? Two issues make determining the appropriate price of carbon emissions a particularly difficult question for economists. First, the unusually long time before environmental damages are expected to be realized makes ...
... spend today to protect future generations against the unknown risks emissions create? Two issues make determining the appropriate price of carbon emissions a particularly difficult question for economists. First, the unusually long time before environmental damages are expected to be realized makes ...
2004 community excellence awards
... have also taken several concrete actions to reduce emissions in our community, including installing solar hot water and solar PV system on several community buildings, upgrading the efficiency of corporate buildings, and developing a biomass heating project for our multiplex facility. We have clearl ...
... have also taken several concrete actions to reduce emissions in our community, including installing solar hot water and solar PV system on several community buildings, upgrading the efficiency of corporate buildings, and developing a biomass heating project for our multiplex facility. We have clearl ...
Draft Cars Model Story Line - Tufts Office of Sustainability
... balances out a little earlier and lower ...
... balances out a little earlier and lower ...
Economic Growth and Climate Change: A Cross
... evidence of relative decoupling between the economy and emissions (occurring mainly since 1985). Evidence of a small degree of decoupling was also found for carbon intensity (i.e., emissions per GDP), but for per capita emissions the linkage to economic development intensified, briefly declined, and ...
... evidence of relative decoupling between the economy and emissions (occurring mainly since 1985). Evidence of a small degree of decoupling was also found for carbon intensity (i.e., emissions per GDP), but for per capita emissions the linkage to economic development intensified, briefly declined, and ...
C
... Coordinated self-regulation by an industry can convince politicians and the public that the most urgent problems in a particular area have already been solved, and the effort required to address any remaining concerns would be better spent elsewhere. Preempting regulatory threats is widely seen as b ...
... Coordinated self-regulation by an industry can convince politicians and the public that the most urgent problems in a particular area have already been solved, and the effort required to address any remaining concerns would be better spent elsewhere. Preempting regulatory threats is widely seen as b ...
All developing countries where there is any ability to measure
... Propositions 1 and 2 alone sound as though they add up to a hopeless Catch-22 problem. Nothing much can happen without the United States, the United States will not proceed unless China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China will not start until after the rich countries hav ...
... Propositions 1 and 2 alone sound as though they add up to a hopeless Catch-22 problem. Nothing much can happen without the United States, the United States will not proceed unless China and other developing countries start at the same time, and China will not start until after the rich countries hav ...
5 Greenhouse gas emissions - NSW EPA
... Across most economic sectors emissions have declined since 1990, including mining, industrial processes, agriculture, land clearing and waste. In contrast, emissions from transport have undergone almost uninterrupted growth, with forecasts indicating continued growth. Overall, stationary energy emis ...
... Across most economic sectors emissions have declined since 1990, including mining, industrial processes, agriculture, land clearing and waste. In contrast, emissions from transport have undergone almost uninterrupted growth, with forecasts indicating continued growth. Overall, stationary energy emis ...
PFCs
... With regard to specific emission reduction options, the report generally limits its coverage to the period up to 2015, for which reliable literature is available on replacement options with significant market potential for these rapidly evolving sectors. Technical performance, potential assessment m ...
... With regard to specific emission reduction options, the report generally limits its coverage to the period up to 2015, for which reliable literature is available on replacement options with significant market potential for these rapidly evolving sectors. Technical performance, potential assessment m ...
Climate change and planning: carbon control and spatial regulation
... traded as commodities. The logic of these ‘cap and trade’ schemes is that those who save carbon emissions are rewarded by being able to sell the excess carbon credits, while those who overshoot have to pay for their pollution by buying additional carbon credits. The overall quota is reduced over tim ...
... traded as commodities. The logic of these ‘cap and trade’ schemes is that those who save carbon emissions are rewarded by being able to sell the excess carbon credits, while those who overshoot have to pay for their pollution by buying additional carbon credits. The overall quota is reduced over tim ...
Bo Kjellén - Stockholm Resilience Centre
... CLIMATE CHANGE – KEY ELEMENTS OF KEY DOCUMENTS Framework Convention on Climate Change – Concluded 1992, entered into force 1994. ...
... CLIMATE CHANGE – KEY ELEMENTS OF KEY DOCUMENTS Framework Convention on Climate Change – Concluded 1992, entered into force 1994. ...
After Kyoto: Approaches to Climate Change Mitigation Post-2012
... The Kyoto Protocol was the first agreement to establish an international trading scheme to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It represents an expression of the collective will of industrialised governments to mitigate climate change and simultaneously to promote investment in low-carbon technol ...
... The Kyoto Protocol was the first agreement to establish an international trading scheme to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It represents an expression of the collective will of industrialised governments to mitigate climate change and simultaneously to promote investment in low-carbon technol ...
How carbon sinks could cost the Earth
... the emissions from burning the trees were also captured, the 500 billion tonnes of CO2 we need to take out of the atmosphere could be pumped underground and stored there, to achieve negative emissions. That’s the theory, anyhow. As we show elsewhere, there are serious problems with it. But even on i ...
... the emissions from burning the trees were also captured, the 500 billion tonnes of CO2 we need to take out of the atmosphere could be pumped underground and stored there, to achieve negative emissions. That’s the theory, anyhow. As we show elsewhere, there are serious problems with it. But even on i ...
Executive summary
... The assessment shows that according to all available estim tes three of the G20 members – China, the European Union, and India – are on track to meet their pledges without purchasing o sets. Three more – Brazil, Japan, and Russia – are on track according to most estim tes. According to both governme ...
... The assessment shows that according to all available estim tes three of the G20 members – China, the European Union, and India – are on track to meet their pledges without purchasing o sets. Three more – Brazil, Japan, and Russia – are on track according to most estim tes. According to both governme ...
A Cap on Carbon and a Basic Income
... will be passed along in the prices for fuels, and other products further downstream, and the higher prices for carbon will reduce demand and will make alternative energy more competitive. The auction will generate substantial revenue—hundreds of billions of dollars per year.7 While some portion of t ...
... will be passed along in the prices for fuels, and other products further downstream, and the higher prices for carbon will reduce demand and will make alternative energy more competitive. The auction will generate substantial revenue—hundreds of billions of dollars per year.7 While some portion of t ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.