Selecting climate change policy instruments for Australia
... Presently, most developed nations acknowledge the need to deal with climate change. The question is how to accomplish this task best. A range of policy options have been considered by various countries around the world to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some of the most important include: ...
... Presently, most developed nations acknowledge the need to deal with climate change. The question is how to accomplish this task best. A range of policy options have been considered by various countries around the world to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some of the most important include: ...
Climate change policy in Alberta Backgrounder At a glance
... at a rate of $15 per tonne; purchase emission offsets;5 or, use previously generated emission performance credits.6 There is no limit on companies’ access to each of these options as a means of compliance. This creates a cost ceiling for facilities for making internal improvements that reduce emissi ...
... at a rate of $15 per tonne; purchase emission offsets;5 or, use previously generated emission performance credits.6 There is no limit on companies’ access to each of these options as a means of compliance. This creates a cost ceiling for facilities for making internal improvements that reduce emissi ...
The Climate Change Benefits of Reducing Methane Emissions
... GWPs have at least three obvious drawbacks: they are very sensitive to the arbitrary time horizon chosen, as the results for methane show. They do not allow impacts that occur soon to be valued more highly than those that occur in the distant future, and they are relative, rather than absolute, meas ...
... GWPs have at least three obvious drawbacks: they are very sensitive to the arbitrary time horizon chosen, as the results for methane show. They do not allow impacts that occur soon to be valued more highly than those that occur in the distant future, and they are relative, rather than absolute, meas ...
LCC/2014/0096Preston New Road, Little Plumpton, Fylde Appendix
... natural gas and, when used for generating electricity, significantly lower than that of coal if the correct controls are used. However, this study is contested by Friends of the Earth who cite several other pieces of research to show that methane leakage is significant and adds considerably to the c ...
... natural gas and, when used for generating electricity, significantly lower than that of coal if the correct controls are used. However, this study is contested by Friends of the Earth who cite several other pieces of research to show that methane leakage is significant and adds considerably to the c ...
Climate change negotiations reconsidered
... by the purchase of “hot air”, emissions may not fall at all. Under these circumstances, it is hard to see why a country would seek to comply using this option (why pay to comply when the payment will not help meet the aim of the two climate treaties?)—another reason why compliance by some countries ...
... by the purchase of “hot air”, emissions may not fall at all. Under these circumstances, it is hard to see why a country would seek to comply using this option (why pay to comply when the payment will not help meet the aim of the two climate treaties?)—another reason why compliance by some countries ...
PDF
... what emissions trajectory would be consistent with stabilisation or consider the economic and political feasibility of alternative trajectories.2 The aim of this study is to present an analysis of feasible emissions trajectories that is sufficiently accessible to be useful to policymakers and the gene ...
... what emissions trajectory would be consistent with stabilisation or consider the economic and political feasibility of alternative trajectories.2 The aim of this study is to present an analysis of feasible emissions trajectories that is sufficiently accessible to be useful to policymakers and the gene ...
AMS_congressional
... What is the solution? How do we keep CO2 below a dangerous level? • What level is dangerous? • We must act quickly because of long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere and the long lifetime of energy capital investments, particularly in ...
... What is the solution? How do we keep CO2 below a dangerous level? • What level is dangerous? • We must act quickly because of long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere and the long lifetime of energy capital investments, particularly in ...
Gains from (Cap and) Trade
... auction, inter-firm trading and carbon offsets. An emission allowance is equal to 1 metric ton of CO2 equivalent, and the most recent price floors in Quebec and California are reported at CAD $11.393 and US $11.484 per allowance, respectively.5 Under WCI rules, governments can freely distribute allo ...
... auction, inter-firm trading and carbon offsets. An emission allowance is equal to 1 metric ton of CO2 equivalent, and the most recent price floors in Quebec and California are reported at CAD $11.393 and US $11.484 per allowance, respectively.5 Under WCI rules, governments can freely distribute allo ...
UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol
... 121 ratifications; 44.2% of emissions (as at 17 Mar 2004) Target: An overall reduction of GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels Creates a more detailed and complex regulatory structure for GHG emissions Gives developed country parties “assigned amounts” of GHGs that they may not exceed in a ...
... 121 ratifications; 44.2% of emissions (as at 17 Mar 2004) Target: An overall reduction of GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels Creates a more detailed and complex regulatory structure for GHG emissions Gives developed country parties “assigned amounts” of GHGs that they may not exceed in a ...
Comparing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Organic Waste
... Aerobic: extra oxygen is available C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O products: carbon dioxide and water vapor Anaerobic: no additional oxygen, closed environment C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4 products: carbon dioxide and methane Combustion: converts methane into CO2 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 89% reduction in emissio ...
... Aerobic: extra oxygen is available C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O products: carbon dioxide and water vapor Anaerobic: no additional oxygen, closed environment C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4 products: carbon dioxide and methane Combustion: converts methane into CO2 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 89% reduction in emissio ...
Legislative and Policy Initiatives Concerning Global
... international level, the Kyoto Protocol has now been ratified and through its binding emissions targets and market-based mechanisms, a worldwide carbon market is emerging. Much of the European Community has embraced the Kyoto Protocol and has established a climate change program to meet its greenhou ...
... international level, the Kyoto Protocol has now been ratified and through its binding emissions targets and market-based mechanisms, a worldwide carbon market is emerging. Much of the European Community has embraced the Kyoto Protocol and has established a climate change program to meet its greenhou ...
Climate action
... change, the European Union speaks with one voice. The Commission and the country holding the rotating 6-month presidency of the Council of the EU negotiate for the EU. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), agreed in 1992, was the first major international agreement to a ...
... change, the European Union speaks with one voice. The Commission and the country holding the rotating 6-month presidency of the Council of the EU negotiate for the EU. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), agreed in 1992, was the first major international agreement to a ...
Significant Climate Mitigation Is Available from Bio
... energy positive process, yielding 3-9 times more energy than invested.12 While pyrolysis gas-capture without carbon sequestration is a carbon-neutral energy source, researchers calculate “emissions reductions can be 12-84% greater if bio-char is put back into the soil instead of being burned to offs ...
... energy positive process, yielding 3-9 times more energy than invested.12 While pyrolysis gas-capture without carbon sequestration is a carbon-neutral energy source, researchers calculate “emissions reductions can be 12-84% greater if bio-char is put back into the soil instead of being burned to offs ...
PDF
... It is important to distinguish between who is incurring the cost of mitigation from who is actually implementing mitigating activities. For example, mitigation can happen in developing countries, but it can be financed with some offset scheme financed by developed countries. Allocating international ...
... It is important to distinguish between who is incurring the cost of mitigation from who is actually implementing mitigating activities. For example, mitigation can happen in developing countries, but it can be financed with some offset scheme financed by developed countries. Allocating international ...
PowerPoint-presentation
... • All countries should participate • No poor country shall be denied its right to economic ...
... • All countries should participate • No poor country shall be denied its right to economic ...
PDF Download
... GHG emissions by up to 30 percent if other countries would be willing to contribute their share. Otherwise the EU declared itself willing to stick to its current commitment of 20 percent. Other countries also expressed their willingness to reduce emissions, but whether they will actually do so or no ...
... GHG emissions by up to 30 percent if other countries would be willing to contribute their share. Otherwise the EU declared itself willing to stick to its current commitment of 20 percent. Other countries also expressed their willingness to reduce emissions, but whether they will actually do so or no ...
Shareholder briefing: forthcoming AGM resolutions
... This objective has not been achieved in any overall proportionate sense. The emissions intensity of Origin’s internal generation has more than doubled its 2009 on an equity basis. On an operational control basis it has increased approximately one quarter. In 2013/14 0.06% of Origin’s direct internal ...
... This objective has not been achieved in any overall proportionate sense. The emissions intensity of Origin’s internal generation has more than doubled its 2009 on an equity basis. On an operational control basis it has increased approximately one quarter. In 2013/14 0.06% of Origin’s direct internal ...
Read the full report
... the causes of climate change and its potential impacts, stated in its most recent report, “Unmitigated climate change would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.”(IPCC, 2007) Some observations of climate change include: “increases in glob ...
... the causes of climate change and its potential impacts, stated in its most recent report, “Unmitigated climate change would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.”(IPCC, 2007) Some observations of climate change include: “increases in glob ...
Indigenous Lands, Protected Areas, and Slowing Climate Change Perspective
... proposal could reduce leakage by rewarding conservation of high-carbon, low-threat forests and could improve buy-in by compensating different REDD activities, locations, and stakeholders. Eventually, funding from developed nations could enable national and subnational governments to implement compre ...
... proposal could reduce leakage by rewarding conservation of high-carbon, low-threat forests and could improve buy-in by compensating different REDD activities, locations, and stakeholders. Eventually, funding from developed nations could enable national and subnational governments to implement compre ...
North East England Greenhouse Gas Emissions Baselines and
... • By 2020, there is expected to be little change in total CO 2 equivalent compared to 2005 because reductions from the residential and industrial sector are forecast to be offset by the increase in emissions from other sectors, mainly shipping. • This means that under a ‘business as usual’ scenari ...
... • By 2020, there is expected to be little change in total CO 2 equivalent compared to 2005 because reductions from the residential and industrial sector are forecast to be offset by the increase in emissions from other sectors, mainly shipping. • This means that under a ‘business as usual’ scenari ...
Lessons from the Kyoto Protocol: Implications for the Future Cédric Philibert
... It is the conjunction of the stock nature of the climate problem and of the uncertainties surrounding abatement costs that make any arrangement based on fixed quantitative goals, such as the Kyoto Protocol, less than fully economically efficient. If abatement costs were known with certainty, then a ...
... It is the conjunction of the stock nature of the climate problem and of the uncertainties surrounding abatement costs that make any arrangement based on fixed quantitative goals, such as the Kyoto Protocol, less than fully economically efficient. If abatement costs were known with certainty, then a ...
the new zealand medical journal
... Emissions trading—The quantity of emissions is fixed (a “cap”) and the right to emit becomes a commodity to be traded on the domestic and international market. The cap is broken up into units or permits, and these are allocated (either sold, or assigned) to participating industries. To comply withou ...
... Emissions trading—The quantity of emissions is fixed (a “cap”) and the right to emit becomes a commodity to be traded on the domestic and international market. The cap is broken up into units or permits, and these are allocated (either sold, or assigned) to participating industries. To comply withou ...
Climate Change: Not a Top Priority for Americans
... 1980-2006; EIA, World Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and
Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980-2006 . NOTE: Data for countries other than U.S. includes C ...
... 1980-2006
Integration_of_Inter..
... « they do not support unilateral inclusion of third party airlines in the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) of European Union (EU) without their mutual consent, […], inclusion of aviation emissions in Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) should follow ICAO guidelines based on mutual agreement of States and air ...
... « they do not support unilateral inclusion of third party airlines in the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) of European Union (EU) without their mutual consent, […], inclusion of aviation emissions in Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) should follow ICAO guidelines based on mutual agreement of States and air ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.