- Wiley Online Library
... carbon cycle (Edmonds and Smith, 2006). The economic impact of carbon cycle uncertainties are larger than the effect of any individual technology choice, although the effect of technology combinations (i.e. the presence or absence of multiple technologies) can have a larger impact than carbon cycle ...
... carbon cycle (Edmonds and Smith, 2006). The economic impact of carbon cycle uncertainties are larger than the effect of any individual technology choice, although the effect of technology combinations (i.e. the presence or absence of multiple technologies) can have a larger impact than carbon cycle ...
AIR POLLUTION CLIMATE CHANGE
... emissions to 45% instead of 70% would reduce the increase in crop losses by about 80%. However, interactions do not always work in a positive direction. Ill-designed climate policies could counteract air quality policies by increasing precursor emissions of fine particulate matter, e.g., through mor ...
... emissions to 45% instead of 70% would reduce the increase in crop losses by about 80%. However, interactions do not always work in a positive direction. Ill-designed climate policies could counteract air quality policies by increasing precursor emissions of fine particulate matter, e.g., through mor ...
Border adjustments under unilateral carbon pricing: the case of Australian carbon tax
... aggregate impact would be rather small. Kuik and Hofkes (2010) also explored some implications of BAMs in the EU ETS and concluded that some sectors may benefit, but from and environmental point of view, BAMs are not a very effective measure. Fischer and Fox (2009) compared the effects of four BAMs ...
... aggregate impact would be rather small. Kuik and Hofkes (2010) also explored some implications of BAMs in the EU ETS and concluded that some sectors may benefit, but from and environmental point of view, BAMs are not a very effective measure. Fischer and Fox (2009) compared the effects of four BAMs ...
New Zealand`s Climate Change Target
... potential to reduce emissions further. Additionally, around half of our emissions come from the agricultural sector, which is very unusual for a developed country. Reducing emissions in this sector ...
... potential to reduce emissions further. Additionally, around half of our emissions come from the agricultural sector, which is very unusual for a developed country. Reducing emissions in this sector ...
Driving forces behind EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions
... agriculture/fisheries/forestry sectors. Over the period 1999-2008, both the consumption and the emissions of the energy industries have increased. However, whereas consumption increased by roughly 13%, emissions rose by a mere 3.9%, suggesting increased carbon efficiency of the sector. In transport, ...
... agriculture/fisheries/forestry sectors. Over the period 1999-2008, both the consumption and the emissions of the energy industries have increased. However, whereas consumption increased by roughly 13%, emissions rose by a mere 3.9%, suggesting increased carbon efficiency of the sector. In transport, ...
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE: JOINED THE EU
... (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane and nitrous oxide have a high global warming potential, which leads to significant climate changes that have negative effects on the environment and, implicitly, on the quality of live. In the European Union, in 2010 greenhouse gases emissions caused by agricu ...
... (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane and nitrous oxide have a high global warming potential, which leads to significant climate changes that have negative effects on the environment and, implicitly, on the quality of live. In the European Union, in 2010 greenhouse gases emissions caused by agricu ...
Emissions Reductions - American Public Power Association
... Presidential goal of reducing U.S. emissions intensity 18% by 2012 Registered reductions may be transferred to other entities using private agreements [but no changes to DOE records] To retain reductions from sequestration, entities must continue to report Page 29 ...
... Presidential goal of reducing U.S. emissions intensity 18% by 2012 Registered reductions may be transferred to other entities using private agreements [but no changes to DOE records] To retain reductions from sequestration, entities must continue to report Page 29 ...
Who should pay for climate? The effect of burden-sharing mechanisms on abatement policies and technological transfers: Working Paper 96 (997 kB) (opens in new window)
... must be sought among states who differ in their stage of development, prospective costs of unmitigated climate change, costs of mitigation and adaptation, and, most importantly, in terms of their perceived historical responsibility and ability to pay. Indeed, the clear distinction between developed ...
... must be sought among states who differ in their stage of development, prospective costs of unmitigated climate change, costs of mitigation and adaptation, and, most importantly, in terms of their perceived historical responsibility and ability to pay. Indeed, the clear distinction between developed ...
PDF
... We investigate, analytically and through a numerical example using empirical evidence, the impact of adopting cleaner technologies within a framework that considers transboundary pollution emissions and where pollution emissions accumulate into a stock and therefore have lasting repercussions on th ...
... We investigate, analytically and through a numerical example using empirical evidence, the impact of adopting cleaner technologies within a framework that considers transboundary pollution emissions and where pollution emissions accumulate into a stock and therefore have lasting repercussions on th ...
Comparison of Energy-Related CO Emissions Between China and the U.S.
... reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent further global warming become one of the topics the world's most concerned about. Carbon dioxide is considered as the main cause of greenhouse effect and human activities is the main source of current carbon dioxide emissions. The Fourth Assessment r ...
... reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent further global warming become one of the topics the world's most concerned about. Carbon dioxide is considered as the main cause of greenhouse effect and human activities is the main source of current carbon dioxide emissions. The Fourth Assessment r ...
CRS Report for Congress Global Climate Change: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions —
... discussed, even historical data are of varying robustness and may be subject to adjustments. The data for CO2, which accounts for over 80% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions, are the most robust, being largely based on comprehensive fuel use data. Subsumed estimates and uncertainties in projected ...
... discussed, even historical data are of varying robustness and may be subject to adjustments. The data for CO2, which accounts for over 80% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions, are the most robust, being largely based on comprehensive fuel use data. Subsumed estimates and uncertainties in projected ...
EIR Greenhouse Gas Emissions
... cause global climate change, GHG emissions from multiple projects throughout the world could result in a cumulative impact with respect to global climate change. In turn, global climate change has the potential to result in rising sea levels, which can inundate low‐lying areas; to affect rainfall ...
... cause global climate change, GHG emissions from multiple projects throughout the world could result in a cumulative impact with respect to global climate change. In turn, global climate change has the potential to result in rising sea levels, which can inundate low‐lying areas; to affect rainfall ...
The Urgent State of the Earth - Department of Politics and
... setting rules and standards that other actors follow. This paper will go on to situate the role of international organizations and non-state actors in relationship to the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol in the subsequent caste study analysis. More specifically on compliance scholarship, the debate between the ...
... setting rules and standards that other actors follow. This paper will go on to situate the role of international organizations and non-state actors in relationship to the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol in the subsequent caste study analysis. More specifically on compliance scholarship, the debate between the ...
as it comes out of the ground. - Harvard University Department of
... particular segments of the economy. Even more indirect is the regulation of mileage standards for automobile standards in the United States. While each of these will have an effect on reducing overall CO2 emissions, they are in stark contrast to a much simpler and flexible scheme that, if adopted wi ...
... particular segments of the economy. Even more indirect is the regulation of mileage standards for automobile standards in the United States. While each of these will have an effect on reducing overall CO2 emissions, they are in stark contrast to a much simpler and flexible scheme that, if adopted wi ...
2011 Climate Action Plan - Summary Report (pdf)
... In 2007 UCSC became a founding signatory to the CAC, a Monterey Bay regional compact to collectively address GHG emissions. The charter statement of the CAC is: “to develop effective collaborative, solu ...
... In 2007 UCSC became a founding signatory to the CAC, a Monterey Bay regional compact to collectively address GHG emissions. The charter statement of the CAC is: “to develop effective collaborative, solu ...
Nitrogen and phosphorous limitations significantly reduce future
... To assess the effects of different climate mitigation policies on future climate projection, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are used to generate time-evolving atmospheric CO2 concentrations, or representative concentration pathways (RCPs) that are consistent with different climate scenarios [Me ...
... To assess the effects of different climate mitigation policies on future climate projection, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are used to generate time-evolving atmospheric CO2 concentrations, or representative concentration pathways (RCPs) that are consistent with different climate scenarios [Me ...
SP_prop_pres_nairobi - BASIC
... With unrestricted carryover of all compliance units (proposed) annual commitments are equivalent to five year commitment periods Compliance still assessed at five year intervals ...
... With unrestricted carryover of all compliance units (proposed) annual commitments are equivalent to five year commitment periods Compliance still assessed at five year intervals ...
PDF
... the allocation and trading of GHG emissions. One allowance gives the right to emit one ton of CO2equivalent. Companies that keep their emissions below the required level are allowed to trade their allowances at the price defined by the demand and supply. On the other hand, companies that have diffic ...
... the allocation and trading of GHG emissions. One allowance gives the right to emit one ton of CO2equivalent. Companies that keep their emissions below the required level are allowed to trade their allowances at the price defined by the demand and supply. On the other hand, companies that have diffic ...
The Kyoto Protocol: Bad News for the Global
... [atmosphere’s capacity to tolerate greenhouse gases [GHGs] without change], or to debt [the amount by which the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere already exceeds the concentration at which climate change occurs]. Their resolution will require adjustment and sacrifice, more than they would like ...
... [atmosphere’s capacity to tolerate greenhouse gases [GHGs] without change], or to debt [the amount by which the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere already exceeds the concentration at which climate change occurs]. Their resolution will require adjustment and sacrifice, more than they would like ...
CDM overview - Capacity Development for the CDM
... • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP-3 in December, 1997, in accordance with “Berlin Mandate” of COP-1. • The Protocol will enter into force when not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the 1990 total CO2 emissions of the Annex 1 Parties, have ratified th ...
... • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP-3 in December, 1997, in accordance with “Berlin Mandate” of COP-1. • The Protocol will enter into force when not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, accounting for at least 55 percent of the 1990 total CO2 emissions of the Annex 1 Parties, have ratified th ...
ffectiveness of a Segmental Approach to Climate Policy E * Jessika E. Trancik,
... Engineering Systems Division, §Department of Urban Studies and Planning, ⊥Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ...
... Engineering Systems Division, §Department of Urban Studies and Planning, ⊥Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ...
Working Paper 177 - Grodecka & Kuralbayeva (opens in new window)
... role of benchmarks in our analysis in assessing the relative merits of single-order instruments regulators typically choose in practice. Single-order or “basic” instruments in our model are either a carbon tax or a cap on emissions fixed at their corresponding steady-state values. We perform welfare ...
... role of benchmarks in our analysis in assessing the relative merits of single-order instruments regulators typically choose in practice. Single-order or “basic” instruments in our model are either a carbon tax or a cap on emissions fixed at their corresponding steady-state values. We perform welfare ...
Energy and technology lessons since Rio
... with a limit on greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to stabilize radiative forcing at 4.7 Wm −2. The figure shows an accelerating use of non-emitting technologies. Technology selection in the control scenario employed two important assumptions. First, there were no limits on technology selection and d ...
... with a limit on greenhouse gas emissions sufficient to stabilize radiative forcing at 4.7 Wm −2. The figure shows an accelerating use of non-emitting technologies. Technology selection in the control scenario employed two important assumptions. First, there were no limits on technology selection and d ...
annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin
... reduction opportunities; and (3) provide national and subnational entities with timely and quantified information on the amounts, trends and attribution of their emissions to support progress towards emission reduction goals. Implementation of IG3IS is proceeding along two lines of activity for each ...
... reduction opportunities; and (3) provide national and subnational entities with timely and quantified information on the amounts, trends and attribution of their emissions to support progress towards emission reduction goals. Implementation of IG3IS is proceeding along two lines of activity for each ...
2012 co2 emissions overview - International Energy Agency
... energy-related emissions Climate scientists have observed that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2013 conc ...
... energy-related emissions Climate scientists have observed that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the rather steady level of the pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume, or ppmv). The 2013 conc ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.