Target recognition at the tips of postsynaptic filopodia
... postsynaptic muscles might occur at the tips of myopodia rather than at the muscle fiber itself. Previous time-lapse analysis of myopodia and immunohistochemical visualization of motor axons at the end of the live imaging showed that myopodia extensively interact with the presynaptic filopodia and b ...
... postsynaptic muscles might occur at the tips of myopodia rather than at the muscle fiber itself. Previous time-lapse analysis of myopodia and immunohistochemical visualization of motor axons at the end of the live imaging showed that myopodia extensively interact with the presynaptic filopodia and b ...
Location and Size of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Cell
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
Dendritic refinement of an identified neuron in the
... dendritic branches of the CSDn during metamorphosis. Cellautonomous reduction in excitability results in a lack of refinement of dendritic arbors. Dendritic refinement and maturation of the aristal-derived presynaptic inputs are temporally coincident, suggesting that these neurons could trigger acti ...
... dendritic branches of the CSDn during metamorphosis. Cellautonomous reduction in excitability results in a lack of refinement of dendritic arbors. Dendritic refinement and maturation of the aristal-derived presynaptic inputs are temporally coincident, suggesting that these neurons could trigger acti ...
Exploring glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) enzymes
... which they usually tightly bind onto the surface of cellulose via hydrogen bonds. Galactoglucomannan, glucomannan, arabinoglucoronoxylan, glucuronoxylan and xyloglucan (XG) are examples of common and abundant plant cell wall hemicelluloses [17]. In primary walls of dicotyledonous plants, XG is the m ...
... which they usually tightly bind onto the surface of cellulose via hydrogen bonds. Galactoglucomannan, glucomannan, arabinoglucoronoxylan, glucuronoxylan and xyloglucan (XG) are examples of common and abundant plant cell wall hemicelluloses [17]. In primary walls of dicotyledonous plants, XG is the m ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... glucose in transgenic plants that overexpressed a yeastderived invertase ( Fig. 4). This increase started to be visible in stage 3 except for U-IN-2 plants where changes were less obvious until stage 4. When the glucose-tosucrose ratio was calculated (not shown) a significant increase was seen from ...
... glucose in transgenic plants that overexpressed a yeastderived invertase ( Fig. 4). This increase started to be visible in stage 3 except for U-IN-2 plants where changes were less obvious until stage 4. When the glucose-tosucrose ratio was calculated (not shown) a significant increase was seen from ...
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... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
... and hypophosphorylated Rb); (4) senescence-associated heterochromatic foci; and (5) enlarged or flat cell morphology [29]. In addition, senescent cells secrete a number of extracellular factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 binding protein (IGFBP), a ...
(DAMP) signal in plants
... oxide (NO) or ROS (Song et al., 2006; Demidchik et al., 2009). The second messenger trio, Ca2+ , NO, and ROS activates cellular signaling pathways that eventually lead to induction of various physiological responses, including activation of gene expression. The concentration of extracellular ATP is ...
... oxide (NO) or ROS (Song et al., 2006; Demidchik et al., 2009). The second messenger trio, Ca2+ , NO, and ROS activates cellular signaling pathways that eventually lead to induction of various physiological responses, including activation of gene expression. The concentration of extracellular ATP is ...
The auxin transporter, OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root
... hair (RH) development, and in rice tolerance to oxidative stress caused by Cd treatment. We found that three independent osaux1 loss-of-function mutants were significantly more sensitive to Cd stress than WT. In osaux1 mutants, Cd increased the levels of the superoxide anion radical (O2˙ ), hydrogen ...
... hair (RH) development, and in rice tolerance to oxidative stress caused by Cd treatment. We found that three independent osaux1 loss-of-function mutants were significantly more sensitive to Cd stress than WT. In osaux1 mutants, Cd increased the levels of the superoxide anion radical (O2˙ ), hydrogen ...
To grow or not to grow: what can we learn on ethylene
... Escherichia coli, it is also possible that heterodimers are formed in planta (Tsuchisaka and Theologis, 2004b). Because of possible heterodimerizations and thus interference of inactive with active ACS isoforms, the expression of all 12 members of this family is analysed in silico. The last step in ...
... Escherichia coli, it is also possible that heterodimers are formed in planta (Tsuchisaka and Theologis, 2004b). Because of possible heterodimerizations and thus interference of inactive with active ACS isoforms, the expression of all 12 members of this family is analysed in silico. The last step in ...
Mice lacking synaptophysin reproduce and form typical synaptic
... Cloning of the murine synaptophysin gene and preparation of a targeting construct The synaptophysin gene was isolated from a phage )~-Fix II library derived from SV129 mice (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) by using the radioactively labeled BamHIlHindIII insert of the rat synaptophysinencoding cDNA cl ...
... Cloning of the murine synaptophysin gene and preparation of a targeting construct The synaptophysin gene was isolated from a phage )~-Fix II library derived from SV129 mice (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) by using the radioactively labeled BamHIlHindIII insert of the rat synaptophysinencoding cDNA cl ...
Effects of noise on vascular function, oxidative stress, and
... as hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and stroke.13–17 A recent meta-analysis reported on a linear relationship between exposure to transportation noise and the incidence of ischaemic heart diseases, warranting further studies to understand the mechanistic basis of this association.18 ...
... as hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and stroke.13–17 A recent meta-analysis reported on a linear relationship between exposure to transportation noise and the incidence of ischaemic heart diseases, warranting further studies to understand the mechanistic basis of this association.18 ...
From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... in the cytoplasm, linked to the transport lipid (undecaprenyl phosphate) and flipped accross the inner membrane by FtsW–RodA. A glycosyltransferase (GTase) catalyses polymerization of a nascent peptidoglycan chain from lipid II precursor at the inner membrane, followed by attachment of the new chain ...
... in the cytoplasm, linked to the transport lipid (undecaprenyl phosphate) and flipped accross the inner membrane by FtsW–RodA. A glycosyltransferase (GTase) catalyses polymerization of a nascent peptidoglycan chain from lipid II precursor at the inner membrane, followed by attachment of the new chain ...
Exocytosis acts as a modulator of the ILT4
... (DMSO) treatment. As shown in Fig. 1C, most of undifferentiated PLB-985 cells did not express ILT4 on their surface. However, ILT4 expression was detected on neutrophil-like cells after treatment with DMF or DMSO (70.05 ± 1.55% and 88.10 ± 1.27%, respectively, at day 5, vs. 0.78 ± 0.45% at day 0; P ...
... (DMSO) treatment. As shown in Fig. 1C, most of undifferentiated PLB-985 cells did not express ILT4 on their surface. However, ILT4 expression was detected on neutrophil-like cells after treatment with DMF or DMSO (70.05 ± 1.55% and 88.10 ± 1.27%, respectively, at day 5, vs. 0.78 ± 0.45% at day 0; P ...
Desmin Is Essential for the Tensile Strength and
... anti–slow, 1:20 and anti–fast myosin heavy chains (MHCs), 1:10 (Novocastra, Newcastle, UK); FITC-conjugated, anti–rabbit and anti–goat IgG antibodies (DAKOPATTS); and anti–mouse IgG antibodies (Biosys, Compiègne, France) were used as the secondary antibodies. Slides were mounted in Mowiol. Immunosta ...
... anti–slow, 1:20 and anti–fast myosin heavy chains (MHCs), 1:10 (Novocastra, Newcastle, UK); FITC-conjugated, anti–rabbit and anti–goat IgG antibodies (DAKOPATTS); and anti–mouse IgG antibodies (Biosys, Compiègne, France) were used as the secondary antibodies. Slides were mounted in Mowiol. Immunosta ...
Notch and the Awesome Power of Genetics
... At the time, the C. elegans larval lineage had been completed and found to be largely invariant (Sulston and Horvitz 1977; Kimble and Hirsh 1979). The lineage of the vulva, one of the main organs that develops in the larva, seemed to be exceptionally tractable to genetic analysis: the ability to cul ...
... At the time, the C. elegans larval lineage had been completed and found to be largely invariant (Sulston and Horvitz 1977; Kimble and Hirsh 1979). The lineage of the vulva, one of the main organs that develops in the larva, seemed to be exceptionally tractable to genetic analysis: the ability to cul ...
Mast cells in Complement Dependant Tolerance
... It has been shown that MC traffic from the local site of inflammation to secondary lymphoid organs [13-16]. Therefore, we investigated if the observed reduction in MC density in the skin grafts early after transplantation was the result of MC migration to the draining lymph nodes. We found an averag ...
... It has been shown that MC traffic from the local site of inflammation to secondary lymphoid organs [13-16]. Therefore, we investigated if the observed reduction in MC density in the skin grafts early after transplantation was the result of MC migration to the draining lymph nodes. We found an averag ...
CXCR4 and CXCR7 Have Distinct Functions in Regulating
... seven-transmembrane receptors, which signal through both G proteins and b-arrestin, CXCR7 may only signal through b-arrestin (Rajagopal et al., 2010). b-arrestin activation then leads to stimulation of the MAP kinase casade (Rajagopal et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2010). CXCL12 and CXCR4 cellular funct ...
... seven-transmembrane receptors, which signal through both G proteins and b-arrestin, CXCR7 may only signal through b-arrestin (Rajagopal et al., 2010). b-arrestin activation then leads to stimulation of the MAP kinase casade (Rajagopal et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2010). CXCL12 and CXCR4 cellular funct ...
Platelet Adhesion to Exposed Endothelial Cell Extracellular Matrixes
... indicating that this preparation rendered a less adhesive surface. A similar pattern of interaction was generally observed in those coverslips in which ECs had been removed by mechanical methods (nitrogen drying and cellulose stripping). In contrast, the majority of the platelets associated with the ...
... indicating that this preparation rendered a less adhesive surface. A similar pattern of interaction was generally observed in those coverslips in which ECs had been removed by mechanical methods (nitrogen drying and cellulose stripping). In contrast, the majority of the platelets associated with the ...
Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of
... growth and development under ever changing environmental conditions. Photoreceptors and their associated signaling pathways are one way plants cope with changes in their environment, integrating signals of light quality and quantity, to adaptively modify overall growth characteristics from seed germ ...
... growth and development under ever changing environmental conditions. Photoreceptors and their associated signaling pathways are one way plants cope with changes in their environment, integrating signals of light quality and quantity, to adaptively modify overall growth characteristics from seed germ ...
Theme 1 Molecules, Cells and the Basis for Disease
... 26.1 A cellular approach to understand congenital eye malformations .................................................... 28 27.1 Using human iPS cells to identify genetic variants that influence cellular differentiation ............... 29 28.1 Mef2 role in control of striated muscle growth a ...
... 26.1 A cellular approach to understand congenital eye malformations .................................................... 28 27.1 Using human iPS cells to identify genetic variants that influence cellular differentiation ............... 29 28.1 Mef2 role in control of striated muscle growth a ...