Cell-wall deficient L. monocytogenes L
... pathogenicity and virulence have been intensively studied, and are reviewed and summarized elsewhere (Cossart, 2011). Pathogen recognition and induction of immune responses are important prerequisites in fighting bacterial infections. The innate immune system can sense pathogen-associated molecular ...
... pathogenicity and virulence have been intensively studied, and are reviewed and summarized elsewhere (Cossart, 2011). Pathogen recognition and induction of immune responses are important prerequisites in fighting bacterial infections. The innate immune system can sense pathogen-associated molecular ...
Novel Regulators of Vascular Development in Arabidopsis
... (Carlsbecker et al., 2010; Miyashima et al., 2011). The lack of miR-mediated mRNA degradation leads to increased levels of HD-ZIP III expression and the formation of metaxylem in the place of protoxylem. By contrast, in multiple HD-ZIP III knockout mutants, the central metaxylem is replaced by proto ...
... (Carlsbecker et al., 2010; Miyashima et al., 2011). The lack of miR-mediated mRNA degradation leads to increased levels of HD-ZIP III expression and the formation of metaxylem in the place of protoxylem. By contrast, in multiple HD-ZIP III knockout mutants, the central metaxylem is replaced by proto ...
The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of
... membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforated plasma membrane, it maintains its organization to some extent. In this model, the chemical composition of the cytoplasm is controlled by exchanging th ...
... membrane is irreversibly permeabilized but the tonoplast remains intact. Because the cytoplasm is sandwiched between the tonoplast and the perforated plasma membrane, it maintains its organization to some extent. In this model, the chemical composition of the cytoplasm is controlled by exchanging th ...
The MKK7 gene encodes a group of c-Jun NH2
... Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are components of pathways that relay signals to particular cell compartments in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli (38, 42, 63, 83). Activated MAPK can translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate substrates, including transcription factor ...
... Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are components of pathways that relay signals to particular cell compartments in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli (38, 42, 63, 83). Activated MAPK can translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate substrates, including transcription factor ...
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
... L-alanyl-D-iso-glutaminyl-meso-DAP-D-alanine from a different strand. While all bacteria require a dibasic residue for cross-linking PG, there are several residues from which to choose. Most gram-positive bacteria utilize lysine; however, DAP is commonly used instead by actinomycetes and gramnegativ ...
... L-alanyl-D-iso-glutaminyl-meso-DAP-D-alanine from a different strand. While all bacteria require a dibasic residue for cross-linking PG, there are several residues from which to choose. Most gram-positive bacteria utilize lysine; however, DAP is commonly used instead by actinomycetes and gramnegativ ...
Multiple post-translational modifications regulate E
... Regulation of E-cadherin transport stress or apoptosis (supplementary material Fig. S1A). O-GlcNAcylation of E-cadherin was examined by binding to WGA a lectin that binds with high affinity to O-GlcNAc, but with low affinity also binds to N-linked glycans (Natsuka et al., 2005). To permit unambiguou ...
... Regulation of E-cadherin transport stress or apoptosis (supplementary material Fig. S1A). O-GlcNAcylation of E-cadherin was examined by binding to WGA a lectin that binds with high affinity to O-GlcNAc, but with low affinity also binds to N-linked glycans (Natsuka et al., 2005). To permit unambiguou ...
mechanisms regulating neuromuscular junction development and
... derived from experiments using either mice or rats. While numerous differences to human NMJs exist in their morphology and the time course of their development, molecular concepts derived from rodent NMJs have often been validated by the identification of the same genes being causative for acquired ...
... derived from experiments using either mice or rats. While numerous differences to human NMJs exist in their morphology and the time course of their development, molecular concepts derived from rodent NMJs have often been validated by the identification of the same genes being causative for acquired ...
- Wiley Online Library
... maintenance and the development of different cell files in Arabidopsis have been well studied (reviewed by IyerPascuzzi and Benfey, 2009), while knowledge of these processes in rice, the monocot model plant, remains limited. Auxin is crucial to many aspects of plant development, including lateral an ...
... maintenance and the development of different cell files in Arabidopsis have been well studied (reviewed by IyerPascuzzi and Benfey, 2009), while knowledge of these processes in rice, the monocot model plant, remains limited. Auxin is crucial to many aspects of plant development, including lateral an ...
The Defect in Fas mRNA Expression in MRL/Ipr Mice Is Associated
... were subcloned into pGEM3 (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI) and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method (10) as described (8). QuantitativePCR. For all quantitative studies, RNA was pooled from groups of three to four "young" (6-8 wk) or "old" (14-20 wk) mice to avoidindividual variation. Exte ...
... were subcloned into pGEM3 (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI) and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method (10) as described (8). QuantitativePCR. For all quantitative studies, RNA was pooled from groups of three to four "young" (6-8 wk) or "old" (14-20 wk) mice to avoidindividual variation. Exte ...
Sulfur Assimilatory Metabolism. The Long and
... Plasma membrane sulfate transporters are classified as proton/sulfate cotransporters that mediate active sulfate uptake driven by the transmembrane proton gradient. Thus, the uptake mediated by this transporter is pH dependent, and the proton gradient is generated by the plasma membrane proton ATPas ...
... Plasma membrane sulfate transporters are classified as proton/sulfate cotransporters that mediate active sulfate uptake driven by the transmembrane proton gradient. Thus, the uptake mediated by this transporter is pH dependent, and the proton gradient is generated by the plasma membrane proton ATPas ...
O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors: current tools and
... inhibitors. Novel compounds deriving from both OGT donor and acceptor substrate have been constructed, aiming to achieve selective inhibition. The inhibitors goblin1 (OGT bisubstrate-linked inhibitor 1; Figure 1) and goblin2 have been created by connecting an acceptor peptide to a UDP through a shor ...
... inhibitors. Novel compounds deriving from both OGT donor and acceptor substrate have been constructed, aiming to achieve selective inhibition. The inhibitors goblin1 (OGT bisubstrate-linked inhibitor 1; Figure 1) and goblin2 have been created by connecting an acceptor peptide to a UDP through a shor ...
Maternal macho-1 is an intrinsic factor that makes cell
... the embryos at the 32-cell stage and it receives the signal over its entire surface by treatment with FGF, both daughter cells adopt the mesenchyme or notochord fate (induced fate) (Fig. 1D, part d) (Kim et al., 2000; Minokawa et al., 2001). Thus, there are striking similarities at the cellular and ...
... the embryos at the 32-cell stage and it receives the signal over its entire surface by treatment with FGF, both daughter cells adopt the mesenchyme or notochord fate (induced fate) (Fig. 1D, part d) (Kim et al., 2000; Minokawa et al., 2001). Thus, there are striking similarities at the cellular and ...
Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis
... embryos. Therefore, in C. elegans, cytokinesis can be successfully accomplished in the absence of a central spindle, but not without ZEN-4 and AIR-2 (see also below). Molecules that regulate central spindle assembly and microtubule dynamics during cytokinesis The centralspindlin complex Despite the ...
... embryos. Therefore, in C. elegans, cytokinesis can be successfully accomplished in the absence of a central spindle, but not without ZEN-4 and AIR-2 (see also below). Molecules that regulate central spindle assembly and microtubule dynamics during cytokinesis The centralspindlin complex Despite the ...
Regeneration and Phenotype That Promote Muscle Growth IL
... We examined the function of IL-10 in regulating changes in macrophage phenotype during muscle growth and regeneration following injury. Our findings showed that the Th1 cytokine response in inflamed muscle is characterized by high levels of expression of CD68, CCL-2, TNF-a, and IL-6 at 1 d postinjur ...
... We examined the function of IL-10 in regulating changes in macrophage phenotype during muscle growth and regeneration following injury. Our findings showed that the Th1 cytokine response in inflamed muscle is characterized by high levels of expression of CD68, CCL-2, TNF-a, and IL-6 at 1 d postinjur ...
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... Thus, the data available from such in vivo experimentation are, by themselves, inconclusive. However, an in vitro system not only provides the advantage of isolating the regenerating systems from the direct effects of the deranged metabolic conditions, but also makes it feasible to study the direct ...
... Thus, the data available from such in vivo experimentation are, by themselves, inconclusive. However, an in vitro system not only provides the advantage of isolating the regenerating systems from the direct effects of the deranged metabolic conditions, but also makes it feasible to study the direct ...
Downloaded - The Journal of Cell Biology
... deleterious effects on muscle repair, thus precluding direct inactivation of TGF-1 as a therapeutic option for combating fibrosis in DMD. Therefore, it becomes clinically relevant to identify more specific targets within the TGF-1 profibrotic pathway in dystrophic muscle. TGF-1 is secreted as a l ...
... deleterious effects on muscle repair, thus precluding direct inactivation of TGF-1 as a therapeutic option for combating fibrosis in DMD. Therefore, it becomes clinically relevant to identify more specific targets within the TGF-1 profibrotic pathway in dystrophic muscle. TGF-1 is secreted as a l ...
Photoactivation of GFP reveals protein dynamics within the
... Measurement of the rate at which activated GFP moves away from the activation spot shows that this motion is much faster than would be expected if membrane components moved simply by diffusion. Treatment with latrunculin to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton stops ER remodelling and reduces the rat ...
... Measurement of the rate at which activated GFP moves away from the activation spot shows that this motion is much faster than would be expected if membrane components moved simply by diffusion. Treatment with latrunculin to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton stops ER remodelling and reduces the rat ...
Gene Section BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) in Oncology and Haematology
... implicated in chromatin remodelling, such as the histone deacetylase complexes or components of the SWI/SNF-related chromatin-remodelling complex. Cell Cycle Regulation by BRCA1: BRCA1, based on its phosphorylation status, elicits DNA damage induced cell cycle arrest at several stages through modula ...
... implicated in chromatin remodelling, such as the histone deacetylase complexes or components of the SWI/SNF-related chromatin-remodelling complex. Cell Cycle Regulation by BRCA1: BRCA1, based on its phosphorylation status, elicits DNA damage induced cell cycle arrest at several stages through modula ...
Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of early mouse development
... In vitro model of germ layer formation .............................................................................................. 10 The Wnt pathway ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Epigene ...
... In vitro model of germ layer formation .............................................................................................. 10 The Wnt pathway ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Epigene ...
Interleukin-6 in Sepsis and Capillary Leakage Syndrome - Labor
... amounts of both IL-6 and sIL-6R are present in the blood (Frieling and others 1995), which is separated from organ tissues by gp130-expressing vascular endothelial cells. IL-6 is produced in high amounts upon bacterial infection (Waage and others 1989), whereas sIL-6R protein is generated by neutrop ...
... amounts of both IL-6 and sIL-6R are present in the blood (Frieling and others 1995), which is separated from organ tissues by gp130-expressing vascular endothelial cells. IL-6 is produced in high amounts upon bacterial infection (Waage and others 1989), whereas sIL-6R protein is generated by neutrop ...