Lectins as PIant Defense Proteins
... The cell wall of bacteria not only precludes any interaction between the glycoconjugates on their membrane and carbohydrate-binding proteins but also prevents these proteins from penetrating the cytoplasm. Therefore, plant lectins cannot alter the structure and/or permeability of the membrane or dis ...
... The cell wall of bacteria not only precludes any interaction between the glycoconjugates on their membrane and carbohydrate-binding proteins but also prevents these proteins from penetrating the cytoplasm. Therefore, plant lectins cannot alter the structure and/or permeability of the membrane or dis ...
Melatonin Receptors Trigger cAMP Production and Inhibit Chloride
... was the release of chloride; and finally, the slope of the curve straight segment representing the velocity (V) of the chloride efflux. We used these parameters to evaluate the treatments versus the untreated cells that were taken as controls. These control cells showed the normal release of chlorid ...
... was the release of chloride; and finally, the slope of the curve straight segment representing the velocity (V) of the chloride efflux. We used these parameters to evaluate the treatments versus the untreated cells that were taken as controls. These control cells showed the normal release of chlorid ...
Aggregation of Sodium Channels during Development and
... one of the latest aspects of maturation at this synapse. A change in ion channel subtypes also occurs during synapse maturation. The main type of NaCh expressed in adult innervated muscle has a single-channel conductance of about 15 pS (Weiss and Horn, 1986; Cannon et al., 1991) and is effectively b ...
... one of the latest aspects of maturation at this synapse. A change in ion channel subtypes also occurs during synapse maturation. The main type of NaCh expressed in adult innervated muscle has a single-channel conductance of about 15 pS (Weiss and Horn, 1986; Cannon et al., 1991) and is effectively b ...
Tetrahydrobiopterin and its functions
... the human and the E. coli enzymes are 60% identical. Moreover, almost all residues participating in pterin binding and/or catalysis appear to be conserved. This high sequence homology suggests that the tertiary and quaternary structures of GTPCH are most probably very similar, an assumption that was ...
... the human and the E. coli enzymes are 60% identical. Moreover, almost all residues participating in pterin binding and/or catalysis appear to be conserved. This high sequence homology suggests that the tertiary and quaternary structures of GTPCH are most probably very similar, an assumption that was ...
Different roles for KIF17 and kinesin II in photoreceptor development
... previous observation that KIF3A exists independent of KIF3B in a complex with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptors (Muresan et al., 1999). Because the kin II IP antibody recognizes both KIF3A and KIF3B, it would likely bring down both ribbon bound KIF3A as well as KIF3A in the heterotrimeric complex. ...
... previous observation that KIF3A exists independent of KIF3B in a complex with synaptic ribbons in photoreceptors (Muresan et al., 1999). Because the kin II IP antibody recognizes both KIF3A and KIF3B, it would likely bring down both ribbon bound KIF3A as well as KIF3A in the heterotrimeric complex. ...
Control Bacterial Quorum Sensing: Its Role in Virulence and
... use different types of QS systems (Fig. 1 shows the four paradigmatic QS wiring diagrams). Gram-positive bacteria use peptides, called autoinducing peptides (AIPs), as signaling molecules. Once produced in the cell, AIPs are processed and secreted. When the extracellular concentration of the AIP is ...
... use different types of QS systems (Fig. 1 shows the four paradigmatic QS wiring diagrams). Gram-positive bacteria use peptides, called autoinducing peptides (AIPs), as signaling molecules. Once produced in the cell, AIPs are processed and secreted. When the extracellular concentration of the AIP is ...
... tightly packed via hydrophobic interaction [25,26,27,28]. The LIM domain mediates protein-protein interaction, but two LIM domains in CRP1 have been shown to be independent units [26,29,30]. The CRP family is unique in that a glycine-rich region is located adjacent to each LIM domain [23,24]. Also, ...
Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics
... displacements in the reaction centre complex. Indications that this is the case were obtained by several indirect methods. The final proof of the electrogenic character of the partial electron transfer reactions in the reaction centre complex was obtained in our group when photoelectrogenesis was me ...
... displacements in the reaction centre complex. Indications that this is the case were obtained by several indirect methods. The final proof of the electrogenic character of the partial electron transfer reactions in the reaction centre complex was obtained in our group when photoelectrogenesis was me ...
Nogo Receptor mRNA Expression in Intact and Regenerating CNS
... cits. Some types of CNS neuron can, however, regenerate axons into segments of peripheral nerve grafted into the brain or spinal cord (Aguayo, 1985), but whereas all types of neuron with axons in peripheral nerve trunks can apparently regenerate, CNS neurons show large variations in their propensiti ...
... cits. Some types of CNS neuron can, however, regenerate axons into segments of peripheral nerve grafted into the brain or spinal cord (Aguayo, 1985), but whereas all types of neuron with axons in peripheral nerve trunks can apparently regenerate, CNS neurons show large variations in their propensiti ...
Transcriptional Control of Endothelial Cell Development
... the onset of blood circulation and results in the formation of the extra-embryonic yolk sac vasculature, the paired aortas, endocardium, and primary vascular plexus of the embryo (Flamme et al., 1997; Patan, 2004). In mammals, vascular progenitors first appear in the yolk sac, where mesodermal precu ...
... the onset of blood circulation and results in the formation of the extra-embryonic yolk sac vasculature, the paired aortas, endocardium, and primary vascular plexus of the embryo (Flamme et al., 1997; Patan, 2004). In mammals, vascular progenitors first appear in the yolk sac, where mesodermal precu ...
Chapter ONE - VU Research Portal
... phosphorylate pRb, thereby relieving the repression of E2F (Hinds et al., 1992). The synthesis of D-type cyclins is dependent on mitogenic signalling and during the early stages of G1 phase mitogens are needed in order to continue to cycle. Once enough cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes are active, pRb is ph ...
... phosphorylate pRb, thereby relieving the repression of E2F (Hinds et al., 1992). The synthesis of D-type cyclins is dependent on mitogenic signalling and during the early stages of G1 phase mitogens are needed in order to continue to cycle. Once enough cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes are active, pRb is ph ...
Lewis - Gene Ontology Consortium
... Suzanna Lewis GO Consortium & National Center for Biomedical Ontology http://www.geneontology.org/ http://www.bioontology.org/ ...
... Suzanna Lewis GO Consortium & National Center for Biomedical Ontology http://www.geneontology.org/ http://www.bioontology.org/ ...
Spemann`s organizer and the self-regulation of
... have received less attention than they deserve. Their investigation may prove a productive area in the future. In conclusion, the Spemann organizer of Xenopus provided a very productive fishing ground for novel genes. Cells in the early embryo are dedicated to establishing their positions with respe ...
... have received less attention than they deserve. Their investigation may prove a productive area in the future. In conclusion, the Spemann organizer of Xenopus provided a very productive fishing ground for novel genes. Cells in the early embryo are dedicated to establishing their positions with respe ...
Mapping the route from naive pluripotency to lineage specification
... (3) How are lineage decisions made? Here, we focus on the second question, namely, the exit from naive pluripotency and approach to differentiation. In the mouse embryo, germ layer specification begins in the postimplantation epiblast prior to the onset of gastrulation (E6.5). In the postimplantatio ...
... (3) How are lineage decisions made? Here, we focus on the second question, namely, the exit from naive pluripotency and approach to differentiation. In the mouse embryo, germ layer specification begins in the postimplantation epiblast prior to the onset of gastrulation (E6.5). In the postimplantatio ...
Hypoxia regulates host cell metabolism and thereby enhancing
... Figure 3-4: Fluorescence intensity and lifetime. ...................................................................... 33 Figure 3-5: Main panel of SPCImage. ....................................................................................... 34 Figure 4-1: NAD(P)H fluorescence intensity in the ...
... Figure 3-4: Fluorescence intensity and lifetime. ...................................................................... 33 Figure 3-5: Main panel of SPCImage. ....................................................................................... 34 Figure 4-1: NAD(P)H fluorescence intensity in the ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... of cultured chick dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro resulted in retraction of filopodia and cessation of neurite elongation (Yamada et al. 1970). However, it was later reported that in neurons similarly treated with cytochalasin, under conditions in which filopodial and lamellipodial activities ...
... of cultured chick dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro resulted in retraction of filopodia and cessation of neurite elongation (Yamada et al. 1970). However, it was later reported that in neurons similarly treated with cytochalasin, under conditions in which filopodial and lamellipodial activities ...
Comparison of transcriptional changes to chloroplast and
... Genomes Uncoupled (GUN) proteins that act during early development of chloroplast function termed biogenic control (Susek et al., 1993; Koussevitzky et al., 2007) but are very divergent types of proteins ranging from pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein GUN1 to Mg-chelatase H (Mochizuki et al., 20 ...
... Genomes Uncoupled (GUN) proteins that act during early development of chloroplast function termed biogenic control (Susek et al., 1993; Koussevitzky et al., 2007) but are very divergent types of proteins ranging from pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein GUN1 to Mg-chelatase H (Mochizuki et al., 20 ...
709 Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal
... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of normal cell metabolism in plants; however, under stress conditions, the balance between production and elimination is disturbed. ROS rapidly inactivate enzymes, damage vital cellular organelles in plants, and destroy membranes by inducing the degrada ...
... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of normal cell metabolism in plants; however, under stress conditions, the balance between production and elimination is disturbed. ROS rapidly inactivate enzymes, damage vital cellular organelles in plants, and destroy membranes by inducing the degrada ...
Cryptic O2 –-generating NADPH oxidase in
... KCl extract and β-OG extract of DC membranes The KCl extract of DC membranes was prepared as follows. DC membranes (2 mg protein) in 1.5 ml of 0.5 M KCl were subjected to ultrasonic irradiation at 10 W output at 4°C for 1 minute, with one second interruption every second. Membranes were sedimented b ...
... KCl extract and β-OG extract of DC membranes The KCl extract of DC membranes was prepared as follows. DC membranes (2 mg protein) in 1.5 ml of 0.5 M KCl were subjected to ultrasonic irradiation at 10 W output at 4°C for 1 minute, with one second interruption every second. Membranes were sedimented b ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... crosslinks into a clot - thrombin cleaves factor XIII factor XIIIa which assembles fibrin polymer clot 3. Vitamin K-dependent reactions in blood coagulation - proteolytic activation of factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin all require: 1. presence of Ca2+ 2. phospholipid surface (platelet) 3. a pro ...
... crosslinks into a clot - thrombin cleaves factor XIII factor XIIIa which assembles fibrin polymer clot 3. Vitamin K-dependent reactions in blood coagulation - proteolytic activation of factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin all require: 1. presence of Ca2+ 2. phospholipid surface (platelet) 3. a pro ...
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... al., 2005; Pera et al., 2003; Sato and Sargent, 1989). However, it is not known how the activity of FGF is regulated in the embryo to account for its role during neural induction. As it is well established that several proteoglycans (PGs) can regulate the activity of FGF, in some cases working as co ...
... al., 2005; Pera et al., 2003; Sato and Sargent, 1989). However, it is not known how the activity of FGF is regulated in the embryo to account for its role during neural induction. As it is well established that several proteoglycans (PGs) can regulate the activity of FGF, in some cases working as co ...
Role of CD3 /in T Cell Receptor Assembly
... of the extracellular domain of CD3-y. (A) The EC domain of CD3~. Loops are colored in yellow with the 17-21 and 5760 regions colored in red and blue, respectively. The arrows (green) show the 13-strands according to the Kabsh-Sander algorithm (27). (B) Space filling model of the EC domain of CD3~/se ...
... of the extracellular domain of CD3-y. (A) The EC domain of CD3~. Loops are colored in yellow with the 17-21 and 5760 regions colored in red and blue, respectively. The arrows (green) show the 13-strands according to the Kabsh-Sander algorithm (27). (B) Space filling model of the EC domain of CD3~/se ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.