Developmental regulation of the Hox genes during axial
... in the maturation and commitment of paraxial mesoderm to its segmental fate, are molecules that have all been shown to regulate Hox genes either directly or indirectly: thus, Wnt3a and Fgfr1 hypomorphic mutations restrict Hox gene expression domains to more posterior positions and give rise to verte ...
... in the maturation and commitment of paraxial mesoderm to its segmental fate, are molecules that have all been shown to regulate Hox genes either directly or indirectly: thus, Wnt3a and Fgfr1 hypomorphic mutations restrict Hox gene expression domains to more posterior positions and give rise to verte ...
Hormonally Regulated Programmed Cell Death in
... 1991). The effects of endogenous GA on the aleurone of mature barley grain can be manipulated experimentally by the application of GA to isolated aleurone layers and aleurone protoplasts (Chrispeels and Varner, 1967; Bush et al., 1986; Jones and Jacobsen, 1991). Many of these effects can be antagoni ...
... 1991). The effects of endogenous GA on the aleurone of mature barley grain can be manipulated experimentally by the application of GA to isolated aleurone layers and aleurone protoplasts (Chrispeels and Varner, 1967; Bush et al., 1986; Jones and Jacobsen, 1991). Many of these effects can be antagoni ...
Presynaptic Inhibition by GABA Is Mediated via Two Distinct GABA
... receptors are defined pharmacologically by activation by muscimol, blockade by picrotoxin, and blockade by bicuculline. As expected for GABA, receptors, the GABA-activated Cl conductance in bipolar-cell synaptic terminals was activated by muscimol (Fig. 2A), and 50-200 FM picrotoxin was able to abol ...
... receptors are defined pharmacologically by activation by muscimol, blockade by picrotoxin, and blockade by bicuculline. As expected for GABA, receptors, the GABA-activated Cl conductance in bipolar-cell synaptic terminals was activated by muscimol (Fig. 2A), and 50-200 FM picrotoxin was able to abol ...
Lecture 3 Isoelectric Focusing
... It will become -ve (pH>pI and migrate to the anode (+electrode attracts -ion)) As it passes through the gel, eg when it reaches pH 9 region, it becomes less -vely charged (pH not so much >pI) (+electrode does not attract protein so much – protein slows down) When reaches the pH 8 region, protein cha ...
... It will become -ve (pH>pI and migrate to the anode (+electrode attracts -ion)) As it passes through the gel, eg when it reaches pH 9 region, it becomes less -vely charged (pH not so much >pI) (+electrode does not attract protein so much – protein slows down) When reaches the pH 8 region, protein cha ...
Pulsing of Membrane Potential in Individual
... centrifugation onto a cover slip. We therefore tested whether membrane potential pulsing could be observed in isolated mitochondria. Freshly isolated, well-coupled Arabidopsis mitochondria were provided with succinate as respiratory substrate and 100 nM TMRM and imaged by CLSM. Under these condition ...
... centrifugation onto a cover slip. We therefore tested whether membrane potential pulsing could be observed in isolated mitochondria. Freshly isolated, well-coupled Arabidopsis mitochondria were provided with succinate as respiratory substrate and 100 nM TMRM and imaged by CLSM. Under these condition ...
Bacteria and Archaea
... Both the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea are made up of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have NO TRUE NUCLEI or internal compartmentalization. The DNA of prokaryotes is concentrated in the nucleoid region and has little associated protein. Relative to eukaryotes, prokaryotes have simple, small genome ...
... Both the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea are made up of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have NO TRUE NUCLEI or internal compartmentalization. The DNA of prokaryotes is concentrated in the nucleoid region and has little associated protein. Relative to eukaryotes, prokaryotes have simple, small genome ...
Structural insights into the coupling of virion assembly and rotavirus
... virus by stabilizing the capsid and preventing uncoating2,7; indeed, epitope 7‑1 includes and project their extended N termini down into the several amino acids that are proximal to one of the calcium-binding sites which maintain base of the spike, whereas the third VP8* subunit is the trimeric conf ...
... virus by stabilizing the capsid and preventing uncoating2,7; indeed, epitope 7‑1 includes and project their extended N termini down into the several amino acids that are proximal to one of the calcium-binding sites which maintain base of the spike, whereas the third VP8* subunit is the trimeric conf ...
Transcriptome Analysis of Proliferating
... availability of a genome sequence facilitating the generation of tools for high-throughput molecular analysis. However, a major drawback to studying seed biology in Arabidopsis is its very small seeds. Laser microdissection is an important method for obtaining individual tissues or cell types for bi ...
... availability of a genome sequence facilitating the generation of tools for high-throughput molecular analysis. However, a major drawback to studying seed biology in Arabidopsis is its very small seeds. Laser microdissection is an important method for obtaining individual tissues or cell types for bi ...
Embryonic activation of the myoD gene is regulated
... 1993; Nabeshima et al., 1993). These data indicate that myoD and myf5 serve upstream functions in the myogenic developmental program to determine, expand, or maintain myogenic lineages, whereas myogenin, although not required for commitment of cells to the myogenic lineage, is required for normal bi ...
... 1993; Nabeshima et al., 1993). These data indicate that myoD and myf5 serve upstream functions in the myogenic developmental program to determine, expand, or maintain myogenic lineages, whereas myogenin, although not required for commitment of cells to the myogenic lineage, is required for normal bi ...
Proteases - Home - KSU Faculty Member websites
... • Protease: is synonymous with peptidase. • Subclass EC 3.4.). 3 = hydrolase 4 = amide bond (peptide bond) • The Peptidases are comprised of two groups of enzymes: – Endopeptidases: cleave peptide bonds at points within the protein. ...
... • Protease: is synonymous with peptidase. • Subclass EC 3.4.). 3 = hydrolase 4 = amide bond (peptide bond) • The Peptidases are comprised of two groups of enzymes: – Endopeptidases: cleave peptide bonds at points within the protein. ...
Peroxisomes and peroxisomal disorders: The main facts
... The biogenesis of peroxisomes has long been matter of debate. A first model, called “growth and division” (Lazarow and Fujiki, 1985; Purdue and Lazarow, 2001) was elaborated. This model was based on the proposed idea of the possibility that peroxisomes are autonomous organelles that have evolved fro ...
... The biogenesis of peroxisomes has long been matter of debate. A first model, called “growth and division” (Lazarow and Fujiki, 1985; Purdue and Lazarow, 2001) was elaborated. This model was based on the proposed idea of the possibility that peroxisomes are autonomous organelles that have evolved fro ...
The green fluorescent protein: discovery
... organisms. This genetics revolution, supported by bioinformatics and other auxiliary techniques, has had an impact in many areas of the biological sciences, with practical consequences for medicine, pharmacy and ecology. However, neither the biochemical nor the genetics revolution provided the exper ...
... organisms. This genetics revolution, supported by bioinformatics and other auxiliary techniques, has had an impact in many areas of the biological sciences, with practical consequences for medicine, pharmacy and ecology. However, neither the biochemical nor the genetics revolution provided the exper ...
Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... where TAK1 phosphorylates its substrates such as the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase β (IKKβ) MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) including MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, and MKK7. IKKβ is a component of the IKK complex consisting of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (also referred to as NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)) that is ...
... where TAK1 phosphorylates its substrates such as the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase β (IKKβ) MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) including MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, and MKK7. IKKβ is a component of the IKK complex consisting of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (also referred to as NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)) that is ...
Role of adaptor protein Toll-Like Interleukin domain containing
... The goal of this investigation was to determine the role of TRIF in TLR4 and TLR3mediated down-regulation of DMETs (Schematic 1). We observed that LPS administration led to significant down-regulation (~40-60%) of gene expression of key DMEs including Cyp3a11, Cyp2a4, Ugt1a1 and Mrp2 in TRIF+/+ as w ...
... The goal of this investigation was to determine the role of TRIF in TLR4 and TLR3mediated down-regulation of DMETs (Schematic 1). We observed that LPS administration led to significant down-regulation (~40-60%) of gene expression of key DMEs including Cyp3a11, Cyp2a4, Ugt1a1 and Mrp2 in TRIF+/+ as w ...
From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in
... regard, and in comparison to immune signaling in humans, current evidence supports a role for the plant actin cytoskeleton, not only as a key feature of the plant immune system, but also as an important pathogen virulence target in which subversion is tantamount to invasion and the elicitation of di ...
... regard, and in comparison to immune signaling in humans, current evidence supports a role for the plant actin cytoskeleton, not only as a key feature of the plant immune system, but also as an important pathogen virulence target in which subversion is tantamount to invasion and the elicitation of di ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... separated from their mothers for a period of 3 h (9:30 A.M.–12:30 P.M.) each day between P2 and P14. During the separation period, dams were individually placed in a fresh cage in the home room, whereas pups were housed with littermates in a cage maintained at a temperature of 34⫺38°C (declining tem ...
... separated from their mothers for a period of 3 h (9:30 A.M.–12:30 P.M.) each day between P2 and P14. During the separation period, dams were individually placed in a fresh cage in the home room, whereas pups were housed with littermates in a cage maintained at a temperature of 34⫺38°C (declining tem ...
The Type II Arabidopsis Formin14 Interacts with Microtubules and
... cage around the spindle, and very few filaments remained in the spindle (Figure 3A). In addition, the microfilament band in control cells was thinner than the microtubule band in phragmoplasts (Figure 3B). Interestingly, in cells overexpressing AFH14-GFP, microfilaments codistributed with AFH14-GFP ...
... cage around the spindle, and very few filaments remained in the spindle (Figure 3A). In addition, the microfilament band in control cells was thinner than the microtubule band in phragmoplasts (Figure 3B). Interestingly, in cells overexpressing AFH14-GFP, microfilaments codistributed with AFH14-GFP ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... asymmetry depends on the PAR-3 protein and heterotrimeric G protein signaling, and that the PAR-2 protein affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR proteins function to regulate microtubule dynamics at the c ...
... asymmetry depends on the PAR-3 protein and heterotrimeric G protein signaling, and that the PAR-2 protein affects microtubule dynamics by restricting PAR-3 activity to the anterior of the embryo. Conclusions: These results indicate that PAR proteins function to regulate microtubule dynamics at the c ...
Differential Subnuclear Localization of RNA Strands of Opposite
... 1984). The circular ()-strand RNA is used as the initial template to synthesize multimeric and linear ( )-strand RNA. The latter then is used as a template to synthesize numerous copies of the multimeric linear ()-strand RNA. These RNAs then are processed into unit-length monomers and circularize ...
... 1984). The circular ()-strand RNA is used as the initial template to synthesize multimeric and linear ( )-strand RNA. The latter then is used as a template to synthesize numerous copies of the multimeric linear ()-strand RNA. These RNAs then are processed into unit-length monomers and circularize ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... augment the ethanol enhancement of GABAA IPSCs, implying the involvement of GABAB receptors in modulating ethanol effects of GABAA responses in the hippocampus, but the mechanisms are not well understood. GABAB receptors mediate the slow synaptic inhibitory response of GABA transmission (Solis and N ...
... augment the ethanol enhancement of GABAA IPSCs, implying the involvement of GABAB receptors in modulating ethanol effects of GABAA responses in the hippocampus, but the mechanisms are not well understood. GABAB receptors mediate the slow synaptic inhibitory response of GABA transmission (Solis and N ...
Vocab smack-down
... • Sit down quickly and quietly if you would like to play Vocab Smack-Down • Get out your VOCAB HW (Flashcards or written definitions and pictures on paper) • STUDY for a few minutes SILENTLY ...
... • Sit down quickly and quietly if you would like to play Vocab Smack-Down • Get out your VOCAB HW (Flashcards or written definitions and pictures on paper) • STUDY for a few minutes SILENTLY ...
Obesity and the regulation of fat metabolism
... leptin, a cytokine-like hormone secreted from white adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass (Friedman and Halaas, 1998). Activation of hypothalamic leptin receptors suppresses food intake and promotes energy expenditure pathways (Friedman, 2002; Porte et al., 2002). Insulin is another key afferent ...
... leptin, a cytokine-like hormone secreted from white adipose tissue in proportion to fat mass (Friedman and Halaas, 1998). Activation of hypothalamic leptin receptors suppresses food intake and promotes energy expenditure pathways (Friedman, 2002; Porte et al., 2002). Insulin is another key afferent ...
Role of GATA factors in development, differentiation, and
... Ectopic expression of either factor converts other embryonic cells to an endodermal fate (69, 126). End-1 and end-3 appear to be the result of a recent duplication, with each diverging to activate two distinct, but overlapping, E lineage regulatory pathways, perhaps through differences in their DNA- ...
... Ectopic expression of either factor converts other embryonic cells to an endodermal fate (69, 126). End-1 and end-3 appear to be the result of a recent duplication, with each diverging to activate two distinct, but overlapping, E lineage regulatory pathways, perhaps through differences in their DNA- ...
containing lysosomes in coeliac disease
... frozen sections of jejunal biopsies from the patients with untreated coeliac disease, using an antibody against gliadin followed by the pooled antibodies against HLA-DR, exhibited a high amount of class II MHC proteins close to the membranes of the endocytic vacuoles enriched with gliadin (Fig 2C). ...
... frozen sections of jejunal biopsies from the patients with untreated coeliac disease, using an antibody against gliadin followed by the pooled antibodies against HLA-DR, exhibited a high amount of class II MHC proteins close to the membranes of the endocytic vacuoles enriched with gliadin (Fig 2C). ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.