Morphine: CYP2D6 Modulation Human White Blood Cells Synthesize
... he immune-regulatory effects of opioid chemical messengers are well established (1, 2). Exogenously administered opiates are immunosuppressive, inhibiting both cellular and humoral responses via their cytokine-like effects in both the CNS and the periphery (2). In vitro exposure of human monocytes a ...
... he immune-regulatory effects of opioid chemical messengers are well established (1, 2). Exogenously administered opiates are immunosuppressive, inhibiting both cellular and humoral responses via their cytokine-like effects in both the CNS and the periphery (2). In vitro exposure of human monocytes a ...
With No Lysine (WNK) Family Proteins and Their
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
... in β strand 3 conserved in all other functional kinase domains, the WNKs contain a cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there a ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Associate Dynamically with
... respiration are effectively competing demands on the same pathway. To ensure that sufficient respiratory pyruvate is produced in the face of competing withdrawal of upstream intermediates, specific regulatory mechanisms would be required. Substrate channeling between glycolytic enzymes associated wi ...
... respiration are effectively competing demands on the same pathway. To ensure that sufficient respiratory pyruvate is produced in the face of competing withdrawal of upstream intermediates, specific regulatory mechanisms would be required. Substrate channeling between glycolytic enzymes associated wi ...
Endocrine Pancreas
... Three phospholipases in β-cells (phospholipase A2 , C, and D) play a role in regulating insulin secretion. Binding of acetylcholine to its G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C that hydrolyzes membranebound phospholipids to inositol triphosphate (IP3 ) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 bi ...
... Three phospholipases in β-cells (phospholipase A2 , C, and D) play a role in regulating insulin secretion. Binding of acetylcholine to its G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C that hydrolyzes membranebound phospholipids to inositol triphosphate (IP3 ) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 bi ...
Actin Filaments Play a Critical Role in Vacuolar
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
... suggests that transiently expressed actin2[D13K] and actin2[D13Q] disrupt endogenous actin filaments. Approximately 46% of the protoplasts transformed with actin2[D13K] showed a diffuse staining pattern of GFP:talin (Figure 3B). The expression of the introduced actin2 proteins was confirmed by prote ...
Structure and properties of the outer membranes of Brucella abortus
... (362 vs. 308 amino acids), this higher hydrophobicity would be in keeping with the lipid composition and overall OM properties (see Hydrophobicity). Group 3 Two proteins of 25 and 31 kDa with only 34% of identity are included in group 3 [50] and they are coded for by the omp25 and omp31 genes [5]. B ...
... (362 vs. 308 amino acids), this higher hydrophobicity would be in keeping with the lipid composition and overall OM properties (see Hydrophobicity). Group 3 Two proteins of 25 and 31 kDa with only 34% of identity are included in group 3 [50] and they are coded for by the omp25 and omp31 genes [5]. B ...
Structural Sterols Are Involved in Both the Initiation and Tip Growth
... 2009; Liu et al., 2009) cells. High concentrations of filipin and/or prolonged exposure to filipin effectively induce cross-linking of sterols, which in turn interferes with sterol distribution and function. Filipin treatment that induces deformations of sterolcontaining membranes was used as an eff ...
... 2009; Liu et al., 2009) cells. High concentrations of filipin and/or prolonged exposure to filipin effectively induce cross-linking of sterols, which in turn interferes with sterol distribution and function. Filipin treatment that induces deformations of sterolcontaining membranes was used as an eff ...
A novel exon within the mdm2 gene modulates translation
... testis and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We propose that mdm2a expression may provide a mechanism for uncoupling mdm2-p53 interaction in certain cell types and/or under speci®c conditions of cell growth. Keywords: mdm2; p53; regulatory exon; alternative splicing ...
... testis and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We propose that mdm2a expression may provide a mechanism for uncoupling mdm2-p53 interaction in certain cell types and/or under speci®c conditions of cell growth. Keywords: mdm2; p53; regulatory exon; alternative splicing ...
- Wiley Online Library
... system (TTSS). TTSS-deficient mutants have a Hrp– phenotype, that is, they cannot elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in non-host plants or pathogenesis in host plants. Mutations in effector genes typically have weak virulence phenotypes (apparently due to redundancy), but deletion of six open r ...
... system (TTSS). TTSS-deficient mutants have a Hrp– phenotype, that is, they cannot elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in non-host plants or pathogenesis in host plants. Mutations in effector genes typically have weak virulence phenotypes (apparently due to redundancy), but deletion of six open r ...
CONDENSIN AND COHESIN: MORE THAN CHROMOSOME
... that modulate gene output can operate globally at a chromosome-wide level, regionally over a subchromosomal domain or locally on an individual gene. Cis-regulatory DNA elements, such as enhancers, silencers and insulators, mediate these levels of gene regulation by recruiting trans-acting factors th ...
... that modulate gene output can operate globally at a chromosome-wide level, regionally over a subchromosomal domain or locally on an individual gene. Cis-regulatory DNA elements, such as enhancers, silencers and insulators, mediate these levels of gene regulation by recruiting trans-acting factors th ...
Intragenic Revertants of Yeast Invertase Variants with Secretion-Defective Leader Sequences.
... to properly target invertase to the secretory pathway. These sequences tend to be charged and have relatively few hydrophobic residues (18). Yeast strains containing these variant proteins fail to secrete invertase and, consequently, do not grow on sucrose. To better understand the secretion defect ...
... to properly target invertase to the secretory pathway. These sequences tend to be charged and have relatively few hydrophobic residues (18). Yeast strains containing these variant proteins fail to secrete invertase and, consequently, do not grow on sucrose. To better understand the secretion defect ...
The EMBO Journal (2002) 21, 1704–1712
... N-terminus. Chromodomains are found in many chromatin-related proteins, and have been proposed to mediate protein–RNA interaction (Akhtar and Becker, 2001) or binding to methylated lysines (Bannister et al., 2001; Lachner et al., 2001). Many studies have shown that Tip60 can regulate transcription, ...
... N-terminus. Chromodomains are found in many chromatin-related proteins, and have been proposed to mediate protein–RNA interaction (Akhtar and Becker, 2001) or binding to methylated lysines (Bannister et al., 2001; Lachner et al., 2001). Many studies have shown that Tip60 can regulate transcription, ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... different protein carriers or transporters. Extracellular glucose binds to the transporter, which then alters its conformations, then transport glucose across the membrane. •GLUT1: present mainly in red cells, and retina. •GLUT2: present in liver, kidneys, pancreatic B cells, and lateral border of s ...
... different protein carriers or transporters. Extracellular glucose binds to the transporter, which then alters its conformations, then transport glucose across the membrane. •GLUT1: present mainly in red cells, and retina. •GLUT2: present in liver, kidneys, pancreatic B cells, and lateral border of s ...
Science
... facilitate SIRT1 activation by STACs. A single amino acid in SIRT1, Glu230, located in a structured N-terminal domain, was critical for activation by all previously reported STAC scaffolds and a new class of chemically distinct activators. In primary cells reconstituted with activation-defective SIR ...
... facilitate SIRT1 activation by STACs. A single amino acid in SIRT1, Glu230, located in a structured N-terminal domain, was critical for activation by all previously reported STAC scaffolds and a new class of chemically distinct activators. In primary cells reconstituted with activation-defective SIR ...
Primary and immortalized mouse epicardial cells undergo
... 2005), and PI3K/AKt (Bakin et al., 2000), although the mechanisms by which TGF regulates these effectors is less well described. A second class of TGF binding proteins contains two transmembrane proteins termed the type III TGF receptor (TGFR3), or betaglycan, and endoglin. Both TGFR3 and endog ...
... 2005), and PI3K/AKt (Bakin et al., 2000), although the mechanisms by which TGF regulates these effectors is less well described. A second class of TGF binding proteins contains two transmembrane proteins termed the type III TGF receptor (TGFR3), or betaglycan, and endoglin. Both TGFR3 and endog ...
Targeted wild-type and jerker espins reveal a novel, WH2
... family proteins: WASP, N-WASP and the Scar/WAVE proteins (Welch and Mullins, 2002; Millard et al., 2004). WASP family proteins contain homologous C-terminal peptides that include an actin-monomer-binding WH2 (WASP homology 2) domain followed by the C (central) and A (acidic) peptides, which bind the ...
... family proteins: WASP, N-WASP and the Scar/WAVE proteins (Welch and Mullins, 2002; Millard et al., 2004). WASP family proteins contain homologous C-terminal peptides that include an actin-monomer-binding WH2 (WASP homology 2) domain followed by the C (central) and A (acidic) peptides, which bind the ...
Structure of a Pheromone Receptor-Associated MHC Molecule with
... not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C) and demonstrates that M10.5 has an open groove more s ...
... not bind small molecule ligands, have collapsed grooves with a smaller separation between the a1–a2 domain helices [32–34]. A superposition of the a1–a2 platforms of M10.5, H-2Dd, FcRn, and HFE illustrates the variation in groove size (Figure 1C) and demonstrates that M10.5 has an open groove more s ...
Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the
... which were intermingled with a gelled interface of acidic polysaccharides and structural protein; Thompson (2005) suggested that wall extensibility is controlled by spatial constraints in the movement of microfibrils rather than by direct interfibril linkages. These authors noted important shortcomi ...
... which were intermingled with a gelled interface of acidic polysaccharides and structural protein; Thompson (2005) suggested that wall extensibility is controlled by spatial constraints in the movement of microfibrils rather than by direct interfibril linkages. These authors noted important shortcomi ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... fractalkine is secreted from degenerated neurons and accelerates microglial clearance of neuronal debris via inducing the release of MFG-E8. However, the mechanisms by which microglia produce MFG-E8 and the precise functions of MFG-E8 are unknown. Methods: The release of MFG-E8 from microglia treate ...
... fractalkine is secreted from degenerated neurons and accelerates microglial clearance of neuronal debris via inducing the release of MFG-E8. However, the mechanisms by which microglia produce MFG-E8 and the precise functions of MFG-E8 are unknown. Methods: The release of MFG-E8 from microglia treate ...
Rapid Structural Changes and Acidification of Guard Cell Vacuoles
... changes in protein phosphorylation status, an increase in cytosolic pH and [Ca2+], activation of anion channels and outward K+ channels, activation of phospholipases, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and changes in membrane trafficking (Kim et al., 1995; Hwang et al., 1997; Hetherington, 2001; Pan ...
... changes in protein phosphorylation status, an increase in cytosolic pH and [Ca2+], activation of anion channels and outward K+ channels, activation of phospholipases, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and changes in membrane trafficking (Kim et al., 1995; Hwang et al., 1997; Hetherington, 2001; Pan ...
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... Judith M. Neugebauer*, Adam B. Cadwallader*,‡, Jeffrey D. Amack§, Brent W. Bisgrove and H. Joseph Yost¶ SUMMARY As cells integrate molecular signals from their environment, cell surface receptors require modified proteoglycans for the robust activation of signaling pathways. Heparan sulfate proteogl ...
... Judith M. Neugebauer*, Adam B. Cadwallader*,‡, Jeffrey D. Amack§, Brent W. Bisgrove and H. Joseph Yost¶ SUMMARY As cells integrate molecular signals from their environment, cell surface receptors require modified proteoglycans for the robust activation of signaling pathways. Heparan sulfate proteogl ...
A Neural Network of Adaptively Timed Reinforcement
... 1.2 Timing the Balance between Exploration for Novel Rewards and Consummation of Expected Rewards The spectral timing model clarifies the following type of behavioral competence. Many goal objects may be delayed subsequent to the actions that elicit them, or the environmental events that signal thei ...
... 1.2 Timing the Balance between Exploration for Novel Rewards and Consummation of Expected Rewards The spectral timing model clarifies the following type of behavioral competence. Many goal objects may be delayed subsequent to the actions that elicit them, or the environmental events that signal thei ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.