Pulmonary Surfactant Protein A Activates a
... from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (reviewed in Ref. 14). Signals initiated by either G protein-linked receptors or receptors linked directly or indirectly to tyrosine kinases (14) activate phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate to form InsP3 and 1,2-diacylgl ...
... from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (reviewed in Ref. 14). Signals initiated by either G protein-linked receptors or receptors linked directly or indirectly to tyrosine kinases (14) activate phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate to form InsP3 and 1,2-diacylgl ...
Acyl-CoA oxidase is imported as a heteropentameric, cofactor
... the acquisition and maintenance of the oligomeric conformation by other proteins imported into the peroxisome are assisted by a specialized set of cytosolic chaperones or whether they can occur spontaneously in the cytosol. Furthermore, it is unknown if any peroxisomal protein can preassemble with i ...
... the acquisition and maintenance of the oligomeric conformation by other proteins imported into the peroxisome are assisted by a specialized set of cytosolic chaperones or whether they can occur spontaneously in the cytosol. Furthermore, it is unknown if any peroxisomal protein can preassemble with i ...
Substrate specificity and inhibitors of LRRK2, a protein kinase
... included to allow identification of kinases that possess a requirement for priming phosphorylation events. All other positions contain an equimolar degenerate mixture of natural amino acids (except serine, threonine and cysteine). Recombinant LRRK2[G2019S] or kinase-inactive LRRK2[D2017A] was used t ...
... included to allow identification of kinases that possess a requirement for priming phosphorylation events. All other positions contain an equimolar degenerate mixture of natural amino acids (except serine, threonine and cysteine). Recombinant LRRK2[G2019S] or kinase-inactive LRRK2[D2017A] was used t ...
Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolic cofactor in eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. NAD+ in its reduced form (i.e. NADH) serves as the primary electron donor in mitochondrial respiratory chain, which involv ...
... Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a central metabolic cofactor in eukaryotic cells that plays a critical role in regulating cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. NAD+ in its reduced form (i.e. NADH) serves as the primary electron donor in mitochondrial respiratory chain, which involv ...
Organisation of Xenopus oocyte and egg cortices
... and then with primordial germ cells during early development (Hudson and Woodland, 1998). Other mRNAs in the mitochondrial cloud, notably Xwnt11 (Ku and Melton, 1993), do not associate with the germ plasm and may play distinct patterning roles in the early embryo. It is possible that during metazoan ...
... and then with primordial germ cells during early development (Hudson and Woodland, 1998). Other mRNAs in the mitochondrial cloud, notably Xwnt11 (Ku and Melton, 1993), do not associate with the germ plasm and may play distinct patterning roles in the early embryo. It is possible that during metazoan ...
Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height
... famous example. Such mutants have been useful in elucidating the complex pathways of gibberellin biosynthesis. We begin this chapter by describing the discovery, chemical structure, and role of gibberellins in regulating various physiological processes, including seed germination, mobilization of en ...
... famous example. Such mutants have been useful in elucidating the complex pathways of gibberellin biosynthesis. We begin this chapter by describing the discovery, chemical structure, and role of gibberellins in regulating various physiological processes, including seed germination, mobilization of en ...
Neuromodulation of Transduction and Signal
... manner, reach their peak post-synaptic actions in a few ms and then subsequently disappear from the synaptic cleft within 10's of ms. The action of a neurotransmitter consequently is phasic or pulsatile. Neurotransmitters elicit a direct effect on the post-synaptic membrane conductance. Under most c ...
... manner, reach their peak post-synaptic actions in a few ms and then subsequently disappear from the synaptic cleft within 10's of ms. The action of a neurotransmitter consequently is phasic or pulsatile. Neurotransmitters elicit a direct effect on the post-synaptic membrane conductance. Under most c ...
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... frequency of point mutations found in cancers (reviewed in [2]). However, 10 years later it was realised that loss or mutation of TP53 inactivates one of the most important tumour suppressors [3,4]. The TP53 gene encodes a crucial transcription factor, which controls the expression of genes involved ...
... frequency of point mutations found in cancers (reviewed in [2]). However, 10 years later it was realised that loss or mutation of TP53 inactivates one of the most important tumour suppressors [3,4]. The TP53 gene encodes a crucial transcription factor, which controls the expression of genes involved ...
biochemical investigation into initiation of fatty acid synthesis in the
... glycoproteins (VSGs). However, there is no serological test presently available for T. b. rhodesiense. The CATT is not a very effective diagnostic tool for T. b. rhodesiense as there are few commonly occurring VSGs that could be used. Hence, microscopic analysis of blood and/or lymph node aspirate i ...
... glycoproteins (VSGs). However, there is no serological test presently available for T. b. rhodesiense. The CATT is not a very effective diagnostic tool for T. b. rhodesiense as there are few commonly occurring VSGs that could be used. Hence, microscopic analysis of blood and/or lymph node aspirate i ...
MEDICAL GRAND ROUNDS PARKLAND
... The function of this glucagon response is thought to be that described above _, i.e . to facilitate incorporation of amino acids into protein by replacing glucose moving into tissues with amino acids . (If you eat potatoes with the beef, glucagon secretion is suppressed -- it obviously wouldn't be n ...
... The function of this glucagon response is thought to be that described above _, i.e . to facilitate incorporation of amino acids into protein by replacing glucose moving into tissues with amino acids . (If you eat potatoes with the beef, glucagon secretion is suppressed -- it obviously wouldn't be n ...
FGF signaling controls caudal hindbrain specification through Ras
... vHnf1 operates upstream of FGF signaling in this regulation: vHnf1 not only cooperates with Fgf3 in the induction of Krox20 and MafB , but also regulates Fgf3 expression [1]. Analyses of the Krox20 and MafB regulatory regions in mice have shown that they contain functional vHNF1binding sites, sugges ...
... vHnf1 operates upstream of FGF signaling in this regulation: vHnf1 not only cooperates with Fgf3 in the induction of Krox20 and MafB , but also regulates Fgf3 expression [1]. Analyses of the Krox20 and MafB regulatory regions in mice have shown that they contain functional vHNF1binding sites, sugges ...
Survival in Animal Cells Requires ppGpp for Internalization and
... Gallinarum, we carried out comparative studies between serovar Gallinarum and a better-characterized serovar, serovar Typhimurium. The representative serovar Gallinarum used in this study was isolated from the chicken liver with fowl typhoid in a South Korean broiler farm and identified by the modif ...
... Gallinarum, we carried out comparative studies between serovar Gallinarum and a better-characterized serovar, serovar Typhimurium. The representative serovar Gallinarum used in this study was isolated from the chicken liver with fowl typhoid in a South Korean broiler farm and identified by the modif ...
Microbial Genetics, Mutation and Repair Answer the following
... 2. Naked DNA can be taken up into cells via the process of ___________. 3. _____________ occurs when a virus moves DNA from one cell to another. 4. A virus which infects bacterial cells is known as a _____________. 5. A ____________ bacteriophage cycle results in the rupture of the host cell. 6. Per ...
... 2. Naked DNA can be taken up into cells via the process of ___________. 3. _____________ occurs when a virus moves DNA from one cell to another. 4. A virus which infects bacterial cells is known as a _____________. 5. A ____________ bacteriophage cycle results in the rupture of the host cell. 6. Per ...
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... destroys the IS; and (3) in order to acquire sufficient neutralizing capacity, HIV-1 Abs need a much longer affinity maturation process than do Abs elicited by other viruses, with the result that protective Abs usually appear only after about two years [28]. It is not possible during such a long Ab ...
... destroys the IS; and (3) in order to acquire sufficient neutralizing capacity, HIV-1 Abs need a much longer affinity maturation process than do Abs elicited by other viruses, with the result that protective Abs usually appear only after about two years [28]. It is not possible during such a long Ab ...
Self-assembled pH-responsive hyaluronic acid–g-poly(l
... specifically bind to various cancer cells [13,14]. HA is a biodegradable polyanionic polysaccharide with low toxicity, which is distributed widely in the extracellular matrix and connective tissues. Moreover, HA itself is a ligand for CD44 hyaluronan receptors, which are overexpressed in a variety of ...
... specifically bind to various cancer cells [13,14]. HA is a biodegradable polyanionic polysaccharide with low toxicity, which is distributed widely in the extracellular matrix and connective tissues. Moreover, HA itself is a ligand for CD44 hyaluronan receptors, which are overexpressed in a variety of ...
Queuosine formation in eukaryotic tRNA occurs via a mitochondria
... Eubacteria are unique in their ability to synthesize Q. As part of this biosynthetic process, the eubacterial TGT enzyme inserts the Q-precursor molecule, 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine (preQ1) into tRNA, which is then converted to Q by two further enzymatic steps at the tRNA level (6). Eukaryotes by ...
... Eubacteria are unique in their ability to synthesize Q. As part of this biosynthetic process, the eubacterial TGT enzyme inserts the Q-precursor molecule, 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine (preQ1) into tRNA, which is then converted to Q by two further enzymatic steps at the tRNA level (6). Eukaryotes by ...
5 The structure and function of membrane proteins
... length in this text. The area seemed complete. How wrong I was and how wrong an undergraduate’s perception can be! The last 30 years have seen an explosion in the area of protein biochemistry so that my 1975 edition of Biochemistry by Albert Lehninger remains, perhaps, of historical interest only. T ...
... length in this text. The area seemed complete. How wrong I was and how wrong an undergraduate’s perception can be! The last 30 years have seen an explosion in the area of protein biochemistry so that my 1975 edition of Biochemistry by Albert Lehninger remains, perhaps, of historical interest only. T ...
CELLS - Hudson City School District
... Helps glue it to surfaces (like sticks, rocks, human tissue) Only in prokaryotes (bacteria) ...
... Helps glue it to surfaces (like sticks, rocks, human tissue) Only in prokaryotes (bacteria) ...
"VESICLE IN A BASKET" A Morphological Study of
... function as the binding sites of the food from outside . The glycocalyx (3) is supposed to have such functional aspects, and many studies have speculated on the structure and function of the surface coat (4-6) in accord with this supposition . Roth and Porter (7) also suggested that it is more frui ...
... function as the binding sites of the food from outside . The glycocalyx (3) is supposed to have such functional aspects, and many studies have speculated on the structure and function of the surface coat (4-6) in accord with this supposition . Roth and Porter (7) also suggested that it is more frui ...
Multiple classes of yeast mutants are defective in vacuole
... To examine localization of vacuolar proteases from whole cells, we labeled yeast as described previously (Klionsky et al., 1992) for 5 min in SMD (0.067% yeast nitrogen base, 2% glucose, vitamins, and required amino acids) in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 2.5 mg/ml). Nonradioactive chas ...
... To examine localization of vacuolar proteases from whole cells, we labeled yeast as described previously (Klionsky et al., 1992) for 5 min in SMD (0.067% yeast nitrogen base, 2% glucose, vitamins, and required amino acids) in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 2.5 mg/ml). Nonradioactive chas ...
BMC Developmental Biology
... inner layer of the optic cup, the presumptive neural retina (NR). The proximal region of the optic vesicle forms the optic stalk and the outer layer of the optic cup forms the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The optic cup is initially incomplete along the ventral surface and closure of the optic ...
... inner layer of the optic cup, the presumptive neural retina (NR). The proximal region of the optic vesicle forms the optic stalk and the outer layer of the optic cup forms the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The optic cup is initially incomplete along the ventral surface and closure of the optic ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... structures(RaoandSteward,1991).Thesedataprovide evidence for the targeting of dendritic mRNA as a mechanism for positioning proteins to their sites of function. The majority (>85%) of translatable mRNA is bound to the cytoskeleton, whereas untranslated mRNA and monomeric ribosomes are soluble (for r ...
... structures(RaoandSteward,1991).Thesedataprovide evidence for the targeting of dendritic mRNA as a mechanism for positioning proteins to their sites of function. The majority (>85%) of translatable mRNA is bound to the cytoskeleton, whereas untranslated mRNA and monomeric ribosomes are soluble (for r ...
Review The cellular functions of clathrin
... hydrophobic amino acid, X is any amino acid and brackets enclose alternatives) such as those present in AP-1, AP-2 and β-arrestin [26]. There is a second interaction site on this domain that can accommodate W-box motifs (PWXXW) such as those found in amphiphysin [27]. Second, X-ray analysis of cryst ...
... hydrophobic amino acid, X is any amino acid and brackets enclose alternatives) such as those present in AP-1, AP-2 and β-arrestin [26]. There is a second interaction site on this domain that can accommodate W-box motifs (PWXXW) such as those found in amphiphysin [27]. Second, X-ray analysis of cryst ...
The Foamy Virus Gag Proteins: What Makes Them Different?
... be important for the interaction [18]. Other retroviral Gag proteins, like HIV-1 Gag, contain similar domains required for efficient Env incorporation in the Gag N terminus [1]. However, FV are unique among retroviruses as FV Gag lacks a membrane-targeting domain (see below). Therefore, viral buddin ...
... be important for the interaction [18]. Other retroviral Gag proteins, like HIV-1 Gag, contain similar domains required for efficient Env incorporation in the Gag N terminus [1]. However, FV are unique among retroviruses as FV Gag lacks a membrane-targeting domain (see below). Therefore, viral buddin ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... Figure 2. Domain organization of BarA ....................................................................24 Figure 3. Domain organization of UvrY....................................................................27 Figure 4. Schematic representation of the BarA/UvrY/Csr System .................... ...
... Figure 2. Domain organization of BarA ....................................................................24 Figure 3. Domain organization of UvrY....................................................................27 Figure 4. Schematic representation of the BarA/UvrY/Csr System .................... ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.