THE BACTERIA toxin
... 1. Hemolysins - There are many different types of hemolysins but, in each case, the end result is lysis of the red blood cell with resultant anemia. 2. Leukocidins- Again, there are many different types of leukocidins, and some are specific for only one type of leukocyte. However, the end result in ...
... 1. Hemolysins - There are many different types of hemolysins but, in each case, the end result is lysis of the red blood cell with resultant anemia. 2. Leukocidins- Again, there are many different types of leukocidins, and some are specific for only one type of leukocyte. However, the end result in ...
Cognitive-Neuroscience-3rd-Edition-Gazzaniga-Test
... to and blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the effects of TEA on the action potential? a. The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur. b. The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked. c. The ref ...
... to and blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in the neuron cell membrane. Which of the following best describes the effects of TEA on the action potential? a. The depolarization phase of the action potential fails to occur. b. The repolarization phase of the action potential is blocked. c. The ref ...
A Model-Based Approach for Automated In Vitro Cell - LISA
... (labeled Si in Fig. 2C). The heights of these Aext and Aint triangles are determined by radii rext and rint, respectively, where rint ⬍ rext (e.g., our experiments were performed with rint ⫽ 0.5rext, with rext ⫽ 30 pixels as initial value, i.e., a value a little higher than the average size of the c ...
... (labeled Si in Fig. 2C). The heights of these Aext and Aint triangles are determined by radii rext and rint, respectively, where rint ⬍ rext (e.g., our experiments were performed with rint ⫽ 0.5rext, with rext ⫽ 30 pixels as initial value, i.e., a value a little higher than the average size of the c ...
The rhythm of protein synthesis does not depend on oscillations of
... Every 10 min a coverslip with a cell monolayer was taken from the dish with medium and incubated for 10 min with tritiated leucine (25 ^Ci/ml, specific activity 75 Ci/mmol). After 10 min of incubation the cells were washed several times with cold (4°C) medium containing an excess of unlabeled leucin ...
... Every 10 min a coverslip with a cell monolayer was taken from the dish with medium and incubated for 10 min with tritiated leucine (25 ^Ci/ml, specific activity 75 Ci/mmol). After 10 min of incubation the cells were washed several times with cold (4°C) medium containing an excess of unlabeled leucin ...
Physiological state-dependent changes in transcription factor DNA
... and glucocorticoids, and repressed by progesterone. Transcription level of these genes is extremely high [Hobbs et al. 1982]. These features make mammary gland a good model for studying mechanisms of tissue- and stage-specific gene expression. The main step on which regulation of gene expression occ ...
... and glucocorticoids, and repressed by progesterone. Transcription level of these genes is extremely high [Hobbs et al. 1982]. These features make mammary gland a good model for studying mechanisms of tissue- and stage-specific gene expression. The main step on which regulation of gene expression occ ...
High density lipoprotein-associated lysosphingolipids reduce E
... Adhesion and recruitment of blood monocytes, processes mediated by cell adhesion molecules including E-selectin, represent an early event in atherogenesis. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) were shown to inhibit cytokine-induced expression of adhesion molecules, but mechanisms underlying this effect a ...
... Adhesion and recruitment of blood monocytes, processes mediated by cell adhesion molecules including E-selectin, represent an early event in atherogenesis. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) were shown to inhibit cytokine-induced expression of adhesion molecules, but mechanisms underlying this effect a ...
Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP
... alterations in LAMP-2 deficient mice clearly go beyond the pathology described so far in the human cases of Danon’s disease, in that it encompasses autophagic lesions in non-muscular tissues including neutrophilic leukocytes, hepatocytes and acinar gland cells in pancreas. In addition to the recent ...
... alterations in LAMP-2 deficient mice clearly go beyond the pathology described so far in the human cases of Danon’s disease, in that it encompasses autophagic lesions in non-muscular tissues including neutrophilic leukocytes, hepatocytes and acinar gland cells in pancreas. In addition to the recent ...
Full Text PDF - J
... expression of γ-tubulin and its recruiting proteins, GCPWD/NEDD1 and CDK5RAP2 during the development of mouse brain. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2 are well known γtubulin-recruiting proteins that are localized at the centrosome in general interphase cells and bind to γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) [5, 9, 18]. ...
... expression of γ-tubulin and its recruiting proteins, GCPWD/NEDD1 and CDK5RAP2 during the development of mouse brain. GCP-WD and CDK5RAP2 are well known γtubulin-recruiting proteins that are localized at the centrosome in general interphase cells and bind to γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) [5, 9, 18]. ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... There are three ultimate fates of intracellular proneurotrophins: intracellular cleavage followed by secretion; secretion followed by extracellular cleavage; or secretion without subsequent cleavage. Uncleaved proneurotrophins signal by binding and activating p75NTR. The ligand–receptor complex is p ...
... There are three ultimate fates of intracellular proneurotrophins: intracellular cleavage followed by secretion; secretion followed by extracellular cleavage; or secretion without subsequent cleavage. Uncleaved proneurotrophins signal by binding and activating p75NTR. The ligand–receptor complex is p ...
The Arabidopsis Rab5 Homologs Rha1 and Ara7 Localize to the
... role in vacuolar trafficking in plant cells. In this study, we investigated the localization of Rha1 and Ara7, two Arabidopsis proteins that have highly similar amino acid sequence homology to Rab5 in animal cells. Both Ara7 and Rha1 gave a punctate staining pattern and colocalized when transiently ...
... role in vacuolar trafficking in plant cells. In this study, we investigated the localization of Rha1 and Ara7, two Arabidopsis proteins that have highly similar amino acid sequence homology to Rab5 in animal cells. Both Ara7 and Rha1 gave a punctate staining pattern and colocalized when transiently ...
Imaging the fate of histone Cse4 reveals de novo replacement in S
... genetic blueprint. If an error occurs during cell division, and one of the daughter cells ends up with too many or too few copies of a chromosome, the cell can die or malfunction. Errors during cell division can, for example, cause cancer. Before a cell divides, it must create an exact copy of each ...
... genetic blueprint. If an error occurs during cell division, and one of the daughter cells ends up with too many or too few copies of a chromosome, the cell can die or malfunction. Errors during cell division can, for example, cause cancer. Before a cell divides, it must create an exact copy of each ...
Protein kinases of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium
... • the calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK), and • the tyrosine kinases (TyrK). ePKs that did not clearly fit into any of these groups were placed into the OPK ("other protein kinases") group. The primary structure of all enzymes in these groups conform to the model described by Hanks, in which the ca ...
... • the calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK), and • the tyrosine kinases (TyrK). ePKs that did not clearly fit into any of these groups were placed into the OPK ("other protein kinases") group. The primary structure of all enzymes in these groups conform to the model described by Hanks, in which the ca ...
Fluorescent Reporter Proteins for the Tonoplast
... fluorescent reporters for the vacuolar lumen. They are ...
... fluorescent reporters for the vacuolar lumen. They are ...
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
... 1994). The latter is further modified by the action of NodB, which de-A/-acetylates the terminal nonreducing end of the molecule (John et al., 1993). At this position, NodA finally transfers a fatty acid from an acyl carrier protein (Rohrig et al., 1994). The backbone is further modified by the acti ...
... 1994). The latter is further modified by the action of NodB, which de-A/-acetylates the terminal nonreducing end of the molecule (John et al., 1993). At this position, NodA finally transfers a fatty acid from an acyl carrier protein (Rohrig et al., 1994). The backbone is further modified by the acti ...
Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells
... cells that are directly connected by an immunological synapse. For instance, Sanderson et al. [26] found that interferon-γ can be seen by bystander cells other than the target cells to which the synapses are formed. To understand which parameters govern autocrine versus paracrine cytokine signaling, ...
... cells that are directly connected by an immunological synapse. For instance, Sanderson et al. [26] found that interferon-γ can be seen by bystander cells other than the target cells to which the synapses are formed. To understand which parameters govern autocrine versus paracrine cytokine signaling, ...
Co-option of an endogenous retrovirus envelope for host defense in
... extinct relatives, studying how ancient viruses have evolved is more difficult as they usually do not leave behind physical traces of their existence. However, a family of viruses called retroviruses is a notable exception to this rule. Retroviruses have a step in their life cycle in which their gen ...
... extinct relatives, studying how ancient viruses have evolved is more difficult as they usually do not leave behind physical traces of their existence. However, a family of viruses called retroviruses is a notable exception to this rule. Retroviruses have a step in their life cycle in which their gen ...
Analysis of gene expression changes in Trichophyton rubrum after
... sections to a limited medium containing glucose and cDNA microarrays were used to monitor T. rubrum gene expression patterns on a global level. We observed that exposure to human skin resulted in upregulation of the expression levels of T. rubrum genes related to many cellular and biological process ...
... sections to a limited medium containing glucose and cDNA microarrays were used to monitor T. rubrum gene expression patterns on a global level. We observed that exposure to human skin resulted in upregulation of the expression levels of T. rubrum genes related to many cellular and biological process ...
Synergistic interaction of three ERECTA-family
... ERECTA::ERL1 or ERECTA::ERL2 displayed phenotypes, such as elongated inflorescence and pedicels, nearly identical to the wild-type plants (Fig. 1C). Therefore, both ERL1 and ERL2 can substitute for ERECTA function when expressed in the tissue and cell types that normally express ERECTA, suggesting t ...
... ERECTA::ERL1 or ERECTA::ERL2 displayed phenotypes, such as elongated inflorescence and pedicels, nearly identical to the wild-type plants (Fig. 1C). Therefore, both ERL1 and ERL2 can substitute for ERECTA function when expressed in the tissue and cell types that normally express ERECTA, suggesting t ...
GLUT2 intracytoplasmic loop transmits glucose signaling
... Fig. 1. (A) Schematic representation of the secondary structure of GLUT2 in the plasma membrane. (B) Transfection of mhAT3F with intracytoplasmic domains of GLUT2 tagged at the N terminus with GFP. (C) Western blot analysis of the fusion proteins GFP-GLUT2 loop and GFP-GLUT2 C terminus domain, revea ...
... Fig. 1. (A) Schematic representation of the secondary structure of GLUT2 in the plasma membrane. (B) Transfection of mhAT3F with intracytoplasmic domains of GLUT2 tagged at the N terminus with GFP. (C) Western blot analysis of the fusion proteins GFP-GLUT2 loop and GFP-GLUT2 C terminus domain, revea ...
Canine CD34: Cloning of the cDNA and Evaluation
... Increasingly, enriched populations ofhematopoietic progenitors are used in experimental and clinical transplantation studies. The separation of progenitors is based on the expression of CD34, a marker preferentially expressed on progenitor cells. The dog modelhas been important forpreclinical transp ...
... Increasingly, enriched populations ofhematopoietic progenitors are used in experimental and clinical transplantation studies. The separation of progenitors is based on the expression of CD34, a marker preferentially expressed on progenitor cells. The dog modelhas been important forpreclinical transp ...
2010118-1045242010PJ..
... sites, and these insertion sites were conserved among the 24 PpXTH genes (Figure 3) and the 33 AtXTH genes (Yokoyama and Nishitani, 2000, 2001b). However, eight PpXTH genes lacked introns (Figure 3). This type of single-exon XTH gene has not previously been found in any of the angiosperms examined t ...
... sites, and these insertion sites were conserved among the 24 PpXTH genes (Figure 3) and the 33 AtXTH genes (Yokoyama and Nishitani, 2000, 2001b). However, eight PpXTH genes lacked introns (Figure 3). This type of single-exon XTH gene has not previously been found in any of the angiosperms examined t ...
Neurons
... • The summed effect of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an axon hillock will reach threshold and generate an action potential ...
... • The summed effect of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an axon hillock will reach threshold and generate an action potential ...
Chapter 2 - University of the Free State
... • ammonium > K+ > Na+ • This series is known as the Hofmeister series ...
... • ammonium > K+ > Na+ • This series is known as the Hofmeister series ...
Lecture 24
... Cell free protein expression is the expression of proteins from template DNA, which is inserted in plasmids or present as purified PCR products. The addition of a crude cell lysate containing the required cellular machinery for protein production such as enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA etc., and exogenousl ...
... Cell free protein expression is the expression of proteins from template DNA, which is inserted in plasmids or present as purified PCR products. The addition of a crude cell lysate containing the required cellular machinery for protein production such as enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA etc., and exogenousl ...
Primary cilia of human endothelial cells disassemble under laminar
... est concentration of acetyl--tubulin (Fig. 3, A and B). HUVEC primary cilia occasionally were detectable by phase contrast (Fig. 4 B”). HUVEC expressed the highest percentage of primary cilia at passages 2–6. In contrast, they lacked cilia at passages higher than 12. To identify the intracellular l ...
... est concentration of acetyl--tubulin (Fig. 3, A and B). HUVEC primary cilia occasionally were detectable by phase contrast (Fig. 4 B”). HUVEC expressed the highest percentage of primary cilia at passages 2–6. In contrast, they lacked cilia at passages higher than 12. To identify the intracellular l ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.