Review Convergent Extension - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
... Focusing on frogs and fish, we review the different cellular mechanisms and the well-conserved signaling pathways that underlie this process. One of the attractions of working on embryos is the fascination of watching them change their shape. Despite the temptation to study morphogenesis, most devel ...
... Focusing on frogs and fish, we review the different cellular mechanisms and the well-conserved signaling pathways that underlie this process. One of the attractions of working on embryos is the fascination of watching them change their shape. Despite the temptation to study morphogenesis, most devel ...
Homeostasis and the Importance for a Balance
... Fig. (1). Schematic diagram of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Insulin or insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation is shown to represent growth factor signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas ...
... Fig. (1). Schematic diagram of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Insulin or insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulation is shown to represent growth factor signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas ...
Functional Roles Of Lipids In membranes - IJS
... along with many minor precursors and modified products, the number of individual phospholipid species ranges in the hundreds. In more complex eukaryotic organisms with greater diversity in both the phospholipids and fatty acids, the number of individual species is in the thousands. If one or two pho ...
... along with many minor precursors and modified products, the number of individual phospholipid species ranges in the hundreds. In more complex eukaryotic organisms with greater diversity in both the phospholipids and fatty acids, the number of individual species is in the thousands. If one or two pho ...
Truncated products of the vestigial proliferation gene
... disc integrating developmental cues by its two enhancers, the `boundary' and the `quadrant' enhancers. Ectopic expression of vg in all imaginal discs leads to ectopic proliferation of wing tissue.8 All vg mutants characterized so far have been considered to be hypomorph with a wing phentoype due to ...
... disc integrating developmental cues by its two enhancers, the `boundary' and the `quadrant' enhancers. Ectopic expression of vg in all imaginal discs leads to ectopic proliferation of wing tissue.8 All vg mutants characterized so far have been considered to be hypomorph with a wing phentoype due to ...
The human uncoupling protein-3 gene promoter muscle cells
... ⫺71 and ⫺59. It consists of a DR1-like motif containing an AGGTCA sequence separated by one base pair from another imperfect half site. This DR1 element was required for RA responsiveness and it bound a nuclear protein complex from L6E9 muscle cells that contains RAR and RXR. We have observed that t ...
... ⫺71 and ⫺59. It consists of a DR1-like motif containing an AGGTCA sequence separated by one base pair from another imperfect half site. This DR1 element was required for RA responsiveness and it bound a nuclear protein complex from L6E9 muscle cells that contains RAR and RXR. We have observed that t ...
CHEMOTHERAPY PHARMACOLOGY
... aspartic acid and ammonia • Depriving tumor cells of a necessary amino acid ...
... aspartic acid and ammonia • Depriving tumor cells of a necessary amino acid ...
The Dual Function of Sugar Carriers: Transport and Sugar
... for mass flow, the plasmodesmata must normally be closed. The systemic spread of silencing signals via the phloem (Voinnet et al., 1998) indicates that plasmodesmata can be gated open by endogenous plant factors. Symplasmic routes have been identified in the root by determination of dye coupling by ...
... for mass flow, the plasmodesmata must normally be closed. The systemic spread of silencing signals via the phloem (Voinnet et al., 1998) indicates that plasmodesmata can be gated open by endogenous plant factors. Symplasmic routes have been identified in the root by determination of dye coupling by ...
PDF
... Despite the clear advantages of using Drosophila in cell-plasticity studies, the cellular mechanisms driving the recovery of normal organ size and shape are still poorly understood. Two different scenarios can be predicted for disc regeneration. The first considers that regeneration involves a gener ...
... Despite the clear advantages of using Drosophila in cell-plasticity studies, the cellular mechanisms driving the recovery of normal organ size and shape are still poorly understood. Two different scenarios can be predicted for disc regeneration. The first considers that regeneration involves a gener ...
The Primary Sensations of Smell
... first diffuses into the mucus that covers the cilia. Then it binds with receptor proteins in the membrane of each cilium it is coupled with Gprotein, immediately activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate(ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Finally, this cAMP open ...
... first diffuses into the mucus that covers the cilia. Then it binds with receptor proteins in the membrane of each cilium it is coupled with Gprotein, immediately activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate(ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Finally, this cAMP open ...
Des - Evolution of Developmental Genes
... • Differential expression of a gene depending on parent of origin • Imprinted genes are functionally haploid • Gene is vulnerable if mutation occurs • So why did imprinting evolve? • IGF2 and Neuronatin are both imprinted developmental genes ...
... • Differential expression of a gene depending on parent of origin • Imprinted genes are functionally haploid • Gene is vulnerable if mutation occurs • So why did imprinting evolve? • IGF2 and Neuronatin are both imprinted developmental genes ...
The Role of Chromosome Domains in Shaping the
... http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.040 2Institute ...
... http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.040 2Institute ...
Organization of the Sea Urchin Egg Endoplasmic Reticulum and Its
... results in a rearrangement of the subcortical ER near the animal pole (Campanella et al., 1988) . Using the DiI-oil drop injection technique, we have now made continuous observations of the rearrangements of the ER in the living sea urchin egg during fertilization . We find that within the first 20 ...
... results in a rearrangement of the subcortical ER near the animal pole (Campanella et al., 1988) . Using the DiI-oil drop injection technique, we have now made continuous observations of the rearrangements of the ER in the living sea urchin egg during fertilization . We find that within the first 20 ...
Effects of phosphatidylethanolamine glycation on lipid–protein
... glycation by forming adducts with PE. Moreover, these authors found these complexes in human red blood cells, suggesting that this compound may act as a lipid glycation inhibitor in vivo, and demonstrated that supplementation of the diet of diabetic rats with pyridoxal 5 -phosphate reduces the leve ...
... glycation by forming adducts with PE. Moreover, these authors found these complexes in human red blood cells, suggesting that this compound may act as a lipid glycation inhibitor in vivo, and demonstrated that supplementation of the diet of diabetic rats with pyridoxal 5 -phosphate reduces the leve ...
AP Biology Cell Unit Exam - Speedway High School
... 60) Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? A) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water B) generation of molecular oxygen C) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain D) harvesting of light energy by ATP E) receiving electron ...
... 60) Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? A) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water B) generation of molecular oxygen C) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain D) harvesting of light energy by ATP E) receiving electron ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... 2006). Initial recognition of microbes by host plants is analogous to the animal system in that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of the host cell detect the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), representing small motifs of larger molecules that are essential ...
... 2006). Initial recognition of microbes by host plants is analogous to the animal system in that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of the host cell detect the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), representing small motifs of larger molecules that are essential ...
Optimization of Ammonium Sulfate Concentration for Purification of
... TSP was the highest, and that of the plant-derived colorectal cancer-specific surface glycoprotein GA733 fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG tagged with endoplasmic reticulum retention signal KDEL (GA733P -FcK) protein significantly increased 1.8-fold. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purity of G ...
... TSP was the highest, and that of the plant-derived colorectal cancer-specific surface glycoprotein GA733 fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG tagged with endoplasmic reticulum retention signal KDEL (GA733P -FcK) protein significantly increased 1.8-fold. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purity of G ...
Physical Models for Protein Folding and Drug Design
... folding problem is not to analyze the behavior of a specific protein, but to understand the general principles of the folding mechanism of any protein. The first and basic assumption needed to proceed further is that such a general paradigm does exist. There are indeed some evidences which support t ...
... folding problem is not to analyze the behavior of a specific protein, but to understand the general principles of the folding mechanism of any protein. The first and basic assumption needed to proceed further is that such a general paradigm does exist. There are indeed some evidences which support t ...
Functional characterization of dosage‐dependent lethal mutation of
... (Finley et al., 2012). Many key regulators of cell physiology such as cell cyclins (Pagano, 1997), transcription factors (Hochstrasser & Varshavsky, 1990), tumor suppressors and DNA repair proteins (Jentsch et al., 1987) are candidates for this post-translational modification, known as ubiquitinatio ...
... (Finley et al., 2012). Many key regulators of cell physiology such as cell cyclins (Pagano, 1997), transcription factors (Hochstrasser & Varshavsky, 1990), tumor suppressors and DNA repair proteins (Jentsch et al., 1987) are candidates for this post-translational modification, known as ubiquitinatio ...
The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction
... constitutively elevated H2O2 levels due to the overproduction of a fungal glucose oxidase in the apoplast show increased acidic chitinase and anionic peroxidase levels. The induced defense gene expression correlated with enhanced resistance against soft rot disease and ...
... constitutively elevated H2O2 levels due to the overproduction of a fungal glucose oxidase in the apoplast show increased acidic chitinase and anionic peroxidase levels. The induced defense gene expression correlated with enhanced resistance against soft rot disease and ...
An 83 kDa 0-GlcNAc-Glycoprotein Is Found in the Axoplasm and
... involved in protein translation (Datta et al., 1989), protein 4.1 (Inaba and Maede, 1989), and, most recently, the synapsins (Luthi et al., 1991). While no function has yet been ascribedto this modification, the 0-GlcNAc can recycle. One intriguing possibility, therefore, is that 0-glycosylation com ...
... involved in protein translation (Datta et al., 1989), protein 4.1 (Inaba and Maede, 1989), and, most recently, the synapsins (Luthi et al., 1991). While no function has yet been ascribedto this modification, the 0-GlcNAc can recycle. One intriguing possibility, therefore, is that 0-glycosylation com ...
Aquaporin-Mediated Fluid Regulation in the Inner Ear
... channels open. This empowers the cell to detect tiny signals with high precision. Furthermore, it allows the system to quickly reset because of a rapid K+ efflux via the basolateral membrane. K+ ions are then discussed to be swiftly recycled into the endolymph compartment through the marginal cells ...
... channels open. This empowers the cell to detect tiny signals with high precision. Furthermore, it allows the system to quickly reset because of a rapid K+ efflux via the basolateral membrane. K+ ions are then discussed to be swiftly recycled into the endolymph compartment through the marginal cells ...
The function of genomes in bioenergetic organelles
... (Protein-coding genes are sorted into the functional categories assigned by Kaneko et al. (1996a,b). The genes are named, and their distribution recorded in 16 completely sequenced chloroplast genomes to date, in Martin et al. (2002), from which the data are taken. Electronic Appendix A (available o ...
... (Protein-coding genes are sorted into the functional categories assigned by Kaneko et al. (1996a,b). The genes are named, and their distribution recorded in 16 completely sequenced chloroplast genomes to date, in Martin et al. (2002), from which the data are taken. Electronic Appendix A (available o ...
Cellular studies of neuromuscular disorders related to the
... mutations on morphological abnormalities and muscle weakness that accompany pathogenesis. In paper I we identified an unexpected skeletal muscle myopathy in an infant with fatal cardiomyopathy due to a homozygous mutation in MyBPC3. The ectopic expression of cardiac MyBPC was restricted to abnormal ...
... mutations on morphological abnormalities and muscle weakness that accompany pathogenesis. In paper I we identified an unexpected skeletal muscle myopathy in an infant with fatal cardiomyopathy due to a homozygous mutation in MyBPC3. The ectopic expression of cardiac MyBPC was restricted to abnormal ...
Evidence for Amino Acid Snorkeling from a High
... 2011) for insertion of this polypeptide into the mitochondrial OM. No cellular machinery involved in Fis1p insertion has been identified (Kemper et al. 2008; Krumpe et al. 2012). Fis1p has been suggested to reach a final topology in the OM in which the amino-terminal bulk of the protein faces the cyto ...
... 2011) for insertion of this polypeptide into the mitochondrial OM. No cellular machinery involved in Fis1p insertion has been identified (Kemper et al. 2008; Krumpe et al. 2012). Fis1p has been suggested to reach a final topology in the OM in which the amino-terminal bulk of the protein faces the cyto ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.