Sample Chapter 5: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... that protein. The ability of each type of the tens of thousands of different proteins to perform its functions is specified by its unique amino acid sequence. During synthesis each polypeptide molecule bends in three-dimensional space as its amino acid components (called amino acid residues) interac ...
... that protein. The ability of each type of the tens of thousands of different proteins to perform its functions is specified by its unique amino acid sequence. During synthesis each polypeptide molecule bends in three-dimensional space as its amino acid components (called amino acid residues) interac ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
... amino acids are actively loaded into the sieve element/ companion cell complex of the vascular tissue by specific H 1 symporters. The TPT was the first plant membrane transport system for which the primary sequence was determined. Analyses of TPT sequences from various plants showed that all TPTs are ...
... amino acids are actively loaded into the sieve element/ companion cell complex of the vascular tissue by specific H 1 symporters. The TPT was the first plant membrane transport system for which the primary sequence was determined. Analyses of TPT sequences from various plants showed that all TPTs are ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that is capable of integrating signals from many stimuli including amino acids, energy levels, oxygen, growth factors, and stress to coordinate cell growth and maintain metabolic homeostasis [59]. mTOR forms two functionally distinct complexes in ma ...
... mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that is capable of integrating signals from many stimuli including amino acids, energy levels, oxygen, growth factors, and stress to coordinate cell growth and maintain metabolic homeostasis [59]. mTOR forms two functionally distinct complexes in ma ...
Chemical Microscopy Applied to Biological Systems
... in the biological sciences within the next few years. Selected Applications. The most common applications include the measurement of intracellular and organellar pH, the detection of reactive oxygen species, and the probing of ion concentration (such as calcium) in living cells. The first two applic ...
... in the biological sciences within the next few years. Selected Applications. The most common applications include the measurement of intracellular and organellar pH, the detection of reactive oxygen species, and the probing of ion concentration (such as calcium) in living cells. The first two applic ...
Cloning and Characterization of Human Urocortin
... Urocortin, a new memberof the CRF peptide family which also includesurotensinI and sauvagine, was recently cloned from the rat midbrain. The synthetic replicate of urocortin was found to bind with high affinity to type 1 and type 2 CRF receptorsand, basedupon its anatomiclocalization within the brai ...
... Urocortin, a new memberof the CRF peptide family which also includesurotensinI and sauvagine, was recently cloned from the rat midbrain. The synthetic replicate of urocortin was found to bind with high affinity to type 1 and type 2 CRF receptorsand, basedupon its anatomiclocalization within the brai ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
... programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are ingested by phagocytes. Type 2 (or autophagic cell death) is cha ...
PDF
... 1991) or phytohemagglutinin (Höfte et al., 1991). Thus, a picture of the Golgi apparatus as the central processing/targeting compartment of the plant cell is slowly being constructed (Harris and Watson, 1991). However, there are still many questions to be answered as to the exact organisation of fun ...
... 1991) or phytohemagglutinin (Höfte et al., 1991). Thus, a picture of the Golgi apparatus as the central processing/targeting compartment of the plant cell is slowly being constructed (Harris and Watson, 1991). However, there are still many questions to be answered as to the exact organisation of fun ...
Conservation and relative importance of residues across protein
... consequently have different evolutionary pressure for their conservation. The degree of conservation of each interface residue can be defined in terms of sequence entropy at that position in the polypeptide chain across all of the homologous proteins. At least three types of contacts can be identifi ...
... consequently have different evolutionary pressure for their conservation. The degree of conservation of each interface residue can be defined in terms of sequence entropy at that position in the polypeptide chain across all of the homologous proteins. At least three types of contacts can be identifi ...
148 - Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research
... Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology and they can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or decrease enzyme activity and it can alter other biological activities such as transcription ...
... Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology and they can modify the function of a protein in almost every conceivable way. Protein phosphorylation can increase or decrease enzyme activity and it can alter other biological activities such as transcription ...
Hepatitis C Virus - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
... HCV-infected Huh7 cells, the majority of core proteins are localized at the surface of cytosolic lipid droplets that are in contact with ER membranes containing the HCV replication complex,34 which is also the site for VLDL assembly.12 Thus, HCV may replicate at an ER domain enriched in neutral li ...
... HCV-infected Huh7 cells, the majority of core proteins are localized at the surface of cytosolic lipid droplets that are in contact with ER membranes containing the HCV replication complex,34 which is also the site for VLDL assembly.12 Thus, HCV may replicate at an ER domain enriched in neutral li ...
Construction and applications of yellow fever virus replicons
... Sindbis replicons, both replication-competent and trans-complemented, replication-defective YFV replicons could be packaged into pseudoinfectious particles (PIPs). Although these results eliminate a potential role of either NS1 or full-length NS3 in cis for packaging and assembly of the flavivirus v ...
... Sindbis replicons, both replication-competent and trans-complemented, replication-defective YFV replicons could be packaged into pseudoinfectious particles (PIPs). Although these results eliminate a potential role of either NS1 or full-length NS3 in cis for packaging and assembly of the flavivirus v ...
acetylcholine receptors in regenerating muscle
... reinnervation . The distribution of acetylcholine receptors on regenerating myofibers was determined by histological methods, using ["5 I]a-bungarotoxin or horseradish peroxidase-a-bungarotoxin; original synaptic sites on the basal lamina sheaths were marked by cholinesterase stain . By one month af ...
... reinnervation . The distribution of acetylcholine receptors on regenerating myofibers was determined by histological methods, using ["5 I]a-bungarotoxin or horseradish peroxidase-a-bungarotoxin; original synaptic sites on the basal lamina sheaths were marked by cholinesterase stain . By one month af ...
Disruption of early proximodistal patterning and AVE
... Wnt3 results in the earliest phenotype. Embryos mutant for Wnt3 completely lack a primitive streak and mesendoderm formation (Liu et al., 1999), demonstrating a clear role for Wnt signaling in mesendoderm development. However, genes expressed in the AVE are correctly localized (Liu et al., 1999), su ...
... Wnt3 results in the earliest phenotype. Embryos mutant for Wnt3 completely lack a primitive streak and mesendoderm formation (Liu et al., 1999), demonstrating a clear role for Wnt signaling in mesendoderm development. However, genes expressed in the AVE are correctly localized (Liu et al., 1999), su ...
The effect of lithium on the adrenoceptor
... Adrenoceptors (ARs) are members of the family of 7-transmembrane-domain guanine nucleotide protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are a significant pharmacological target in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The AR ...
... Adrenoceptors (ARs) are members of the family of 7-transmembrane-domain guanine nucleotide protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are a significant pharmacological target in clinical medicine. ARs have been classified into several specific subtypes on the basis of pharmacological distinctions. The AR ...
Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells Killed, and Processed for
... Quantitation of intracellular growth of Hc yeasts in DC and M Intracellular growth of Hc yeasts in DC and M was quantified by the incorporation of [3H]leucine as described previously (16). DC were incubated at varying ratios of cells to yeasts (50/1, 10/1, and 5/1) in polypropylene tubes with 5 ⫻ ...
... Quantitation of intracellular growth of Hc yeasts in DC and M Intracellular growth of Hc yeasts in DC and M was quantified by the incorporation of [3H]leucine as described previously (16). DC were incubated at varying ratios of cells to yeasts (50/1, 10/1, and 5/1) in polypropylene tubes with 5 ⫻ ...
Principles of Neural Science
... Humans have four classes of receptors, each of which is sensitive primarily to one form of physical energy— mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electromagnetic (Table 21-1). The mechanoreceptors of the somatosensory system mediate the sense of touch, proprioceptive sensations (muscle stretch or contra ...
... Humans have four classes of receptors, each of which is sensitive primarily to one form of physical energy— mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electromagnetic (Table 21-1). The mechanoreceptors of the somatosensory system mediate the sense of touch, proprioceptive sensations (muscle stretch or contra ...
Lecture Protein Metabolism
... High affinity for NH3 - Concentrates NH3 in cells – Uses ATP Because of N recycling this reaction may not be that important ...
... High affinity for NH3 - Concentrates NH3 in cells – Uses ATP Because of N recycling this reaction may not be that important ...
Chapter 14a - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment When stimulated, a receptor passes information to the CNS in the form of action ...
... Sensory Information Sensory Receptors Specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment When stimulated, a receptor passes information to the CNS in the form of action ...
SOMBRERO, BEARSKIN1, and BEARSKIN2 Regulate Root Cap
... altering cell wall pH (Wen et al., 1999). In Arabidopsis, two endob-1,4-D-glucanases (cellulases), which probably hydrolyze the intramolecular bonds in cellulose molecules, have also been implicated in the detachment of the root cap (del Campillo et al., 2004). Arabidopsis, along with other Brassica ...
... altering cell wall pH (Wen et al., 1999). In Arabidopsis, two endob-1,4-D-glucanases (cellulases), which probably hydrolyze the intramolecular bonds in cellulose molecules, have also been implicated in the detachment of the root cap (del Campillo et al., 2004). Arabidopsis, along with other Brassica ...
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsalventral body axis
... the tracheal spiracles also known as Filzkörper. Cells originating in ventrolateral regions generate the conspicuous band of ventral denticles that aid the embryo in moving through food. Finally, cells derived from the most ventral region of the embryo do not contribute to the cuticle. Rather, they ...
... the tracheal spiracles also known as Filzkörper. Cells originating in ventrolateral regions generate the conspicuous band of ventral denticles that aid the embryo in moving through food. Finally, cells derived from the most ventral region of the embryo do not contribute to the cuticle. Rather, they ...
Dynamic properties of a reconstituted myelin sheath
... missing in CNS, represents 1–15% of the total myelin protein in the PNS. MBP is essential for the formation of CNS myelin, able to interact with a wide range of ligands, often polyanionic in nature [2]. Due to its high charge and low overall hydrophobicity, there is significant intramolecular electr ...
... missing in CNS, represents 1–15% of the total myelin protein in the PNS. MBP is essential for the formation of CNS myelin, able to interact with a wide range of ligands, often polyanionic in nature [2]. Due to its high charge and low overall hydrophobicity, there is significant intramolecular electr ...
Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration
... as treatment with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), an enzyme that removes GAG chains from the protein core, eliminates this inhibition10,46. Other studies have shown that the core proteins of at least some CSPGs (for example, NG2) can also inhibit outgrowth47. However, the mechanisms by which these CSPGs ...
... as treatment with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), an enzyme that removes GAG chains from the protein core, eliminates this inhibition10,46. Other studies have shown that the core proteins of at least some CSPGs (for example, NG2) can also inhibit outgrowth47. However, the mechanisms by which these CSPGs ...
Phosphorylated Tyr142 β-Catenin signaling in axon morphogenesis and centrosomal functions Deepshikha Bhardwaj
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
Degradation of Organelles or Specific Organelle Components via
... the entire set of processes presented in Figure 1 [12,13]. Autophagy operates at a basal level under favorable (non-stress) growth conditions [14–17] and is significantly induced following stress. Disruption of single copy ATG genes encoding for individual proteins of the core autophagy machinery, e ...
... the entire set of processes presented in Figure 1 [12,13]. Autophagy operates at a basal level under favorable (non-stress) growth conditions [14–17] and is significantly induced following stress. Disruption of single copy ATG genes encoding for individual proteins of the core autophagy machinery, e ...
Pathogenicity and Commensalism Recognition Contribute to Fungal
... DC maturation can be induced by stimulation with yeast extract, suggesting that exposure to yeasts/fungi has been one of the major forces driving the evolution of the DC-mediated IR. Although much progress has been made in the study of the immune system under challenge from fungal pathogens, there r ...
... DC maturation can be induced by stimulation with yeast extract, suggesting that exposure to yeasts/fungi has been one of the major forces driving the evolution of the DC-mediated IR. Although much progress has been made in the study of the immune system under challenge from fungal pathogens, there r ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.