Myocardin-like protein 2 regulates TGF signaling in
... vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that are attributable, at least in part, to vascular SMCs (Pardali et al., 2010). Mice in which the Tgbr2 gene was conditionally ablated in vascular SMC precursors display arterial dilation and aneurysm formation, which leads to late embryonic lethality (Choudhary et ...
... vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that are attributable, at least in part, to vascular SMCs (Pardali et al., 2010). Mice in which the Tgbr2 gene was conditionally ablated in vascular SMC precursors display arterial dilation and aneurysm formation, which leads to late embryonic lethality (Choudhary et ...
Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes
... eduction, oxidation, and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells are carried out by enzymes of the thioredoxin family (1). Protein disulfide isomerase and related molecules catalyze the formation and isomerization of protein disulfid ...
... eduction, oxidation, and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells are carried out by enzymes of the thioredoxin family (1). Protein disulfide isomerase and related molecules catalyze the formation and isomerization of protein disulfid ...
Experimental Analysis of the Rice Mitochondrial
... after anaerobiosis, the crossroads of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the role of respiratory energy generation in cytoplasmic male sterility. We have combined density gradient and surface charge purification techniques with proteomics to provide an in-depth proteome of rice shoot mitochondria c ...
... after anaerobiosis, the crossroads of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the role of respiratory energy generation in cytoplasmic male sterility. We have combined density gradient and surface charge purification techniques with proteomics to provide an in-depth proteome of rice shoot mitochondria c ...
Jamieson
... rad9 and cdc28 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to H2O2, although rad9 mutants were not hypersensitive to the superoxide anion generator menadione.34 Glutaredoxin In common with most organisms, S. cerevisiae also possesses glutaredoxins, a class of small proteins with an active site containin ...
... rad9 and cdc28 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to H2O2, although rad9 mutants were not hypersensitive to the superoxide anion generator menadione.34 Glutaredoxin In common with most organisms, S. cerevisiae also possesses glutaredoxins, a class of small proteins with an active site containin ...
Hormonal regulation of stem cell maintenance in roots
... The root structure of plants is formed by a balance between cell division and differentiation. There are groups of undifferentiated meristematic cells which have the potential to divide, and they are called initials or stem cells. The mitotically less active QC is surrounded by the initial cells, wh ...
... The root structure of plants is formed by a balance between cell division and differentiation. There are groups of undifferentiated meristematic cells which have the potential to divide, and they are called initials or stem cells. The mitotically less active QC is surrounded by the initial cells, wh ...
Ammonium utilization in Bacillus subtilis: transport and regulatory
... times indicated. Cultures were grown at 37 6C under vigorous agitation in SMM containing 2 mM ammonium as the sole nitrogen source, at different pH values. Filled symbols indicate optical density of GP250 ($), GP253 (m) and GP254 (&). Open symbols represent b-galactosidase activity of GP250 (#), GP2 ...
... times indicated. Cultures were grown at 37 6C under vigorous agitation in SMM containing 2 mM ammonium as the sole nitrogen source, at different pH values. Filled symbols indicate optical density of GP250 ($), GP253 (m) and GP254 (&). Open symbols represent b-galactosidase activity of GP250 (#), GP2 ...
A new look at sodium channel b subunits
... Figure 3. The atomic resolution structure of the b3 subunit Ig domain (PDB ID code 4L1D). (a) Diagram showing the arrangement of the b3 trimer. Amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini are labelled. The Cys21 –96 disulfide bond and the Cys2 – 24 disulfide bonds are labelled on the orange protomer. Potenti ...
... Figure 3. The atomic resolution structure of the b3 subunit Ig domain (PDB ID code 4L1D). (a) Diagram showing the arrangement of the b3 trimer. Amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini are labelled. The Cys21 –96 disulfide bond and the Cys2 – 24 disulfide bonds are labelled on the orange protomer. Potenti ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... creatine phosphate, 60 U creatine kinase, 4 mM ATP, 1 mM GTP, 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.33 M sorbitol in a 450 µl reaction volume. After incubation in the light (80-100 µmol s–1 m–2) at 26°C for 60 minutes, intact chloroplasts were centrifuged through a 40% Percoll cushion, lysed in ...
... creatine phosphate, 60 U creatine kinase, 4 mM ATP, 1 mM GTP, 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.33 M sorbitol in a 450 µl reaction volume. After incubation in the light (80-100 µmol s–1 m–2) at 26°C for 60 minutes, intact chloroplasts were centrifuged through a 40% Percoll cushion, lysed in ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Symbionts • N-fixers • Endomycorrhizae • Ectomycorrhizae ...
... Symbionts • N-fixers • Endomycorrhizae • Ectomycorrhizae ...
ATM and - Cancer Research
... the histone H2A designated H2AX. Phosphorylated H2AX (called ␥-H2AX) can be visualized as foci by immunofluorescence using phospho-specific antibodies (18, 19). H2AX foci colocalize with foci of other proteins, including NBS1, 53BP1, MDC1, and BRCA1 (3, 6, 18, 20). Although the initial recruitment o ...
... the histone H2A designated H2AX. Phosphorylated H2AX (called ␥-H2AX) can be visualized as foci by immunofluorescence using phospho-specific antibodies (18, 19). H2AX foci colocalize with foci of other proteins, including NBS1, 53BP1, MDC1, and BRCA1 (3, 6, 18, 20). Although the initial recruitment o ...
Proteins that contain a functional Z-DNA
... and alternative splicing (3,4). The short form of ADAR1 (ADAR1 p110; ADAR1p110) is constitutively expressed and localizes mainly to the nucleus, whereas the long form of ADAR1 (ADAR1p150; ADAR1p150) is interferon-inducible and shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, the localization of ...
... and alternative splicing (3,4). The short form of ADAR1 (ADAR1 p110; ADAR1p110) is constitutively expressed and localizes mainly to the nucleus, whereas the long form of ADAR1 (ADAR1p150; ADAR1p150) is interferon-inducible and shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, the localization of ...
The Vam6 GEF Controls TORC1 by Activating the
... TORC1 activity. (Top) Wild-type and isogenic mutant cells were grown exponentially in YPD, treated for 6 hr with rapamycin (200 ng ml1), and then washed twice and spotted as 10-fold serial dilutions on YPD plates. (Bottom) Indicated strains expressing a plasmid-based copy of SCH9T570A-HA5 were grow ...
... TORC1 activity. (Top) Wild-type and isogenic mutant cells were grown exponentially in YPD, treated for 6 hr with rapamycin (200 ng ml1), and then washed twice and spotted as 10-fold serial dilutions on YPD plates. (Bottom) Indicated strains expressing a plasmid-based copy of SCH9T570A-HA5 were grow ...
The `ins` and `outs` of flavonoid transport
... formed during plant seed development and maturation and containing large amounts of storage proteins. PSVs contain vacuolar-sorting receptors to recognize cargo molecules. A PSV marker co-localizes with anthocyanins, leading to the suggestion that anthocyanins are transported directly via ERderived ...
... formed during plant seed development and maturation and containing large amounts of storage proteins. PSVs contain vacuolar-sorting receptors to recognize cargo molecules. A PSV marker co-localizes with anthocyanins, leading to the suggestion that anthocyanins are transported directly via ERderived ...
Patterning of brain precursors in ascidian embryos
... column 2 over column 1 fates. In column 3, Nodal-dependent expression of Snail and Msxb is required to repress Gsx expression in column 3. We conclude that despite the distinct lineage origins of the anterior and posterior nervous system, these cells are subsequently patterned by very similar mechan ...
... column 2 over column 1 fates. In column 3, Nodal-dependent expression of Snail and Msxb is required to repress Gsx expression in column 3. We conclude that despite the distinct lineage origins of the anterior and posterior nervous system, these cells are subsequently patterned by very similar mechan ...
Homologous and heterologous reconstitution of Golgi to chloroplast
... creatine phosphate, 60 U creatine kinase, 4 mM ATP, 1 mM GTP, 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.33 M sorbitol in a 450 µl reaction volume. After incubation in the light (80-100 µmol s–1 m–2) at 26°C for 60 minutes, intact chloroplasts were centrifuged through a 40% Percoll cushion, lysed in ...
... creatine phosphate, 60 U creatine kinase, 4 mM ATP, 1 mM GTP, 25 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 0.33 M sorbitol in a 450 µl reaction volume. After incubation in the light (80-100 µmol s–1 m–2) at 26°C for 60 minutes, intact chloroplasts were centrifuged through a 40% Percoll cushion, lysed in ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
Nitrogen deficiency inhibits leaf blade growth in Lolium
... nitrate supply, and performing a kinematic analysis to assess the effect of nitrogen status on cell proliferation and cell growth in the leaf blade epidermis. Low nitrogen supply reduced leaf elongation rate (LER) by 43% through a similar decrease in the cell production rate and final cell length. T ...
... nitrate supply, and performing a kinematic analysis to assess the effect of nitrogen status on cell proliferation and cell growth in the leaf blade epidermis. Low nitrogen supply reduced leaf elongation rate (LER) by 43% through a similar decrease in the cell production rate and final cell length. T ...
Muscle precursor cells isolated from aged rats exhibit
... degraded and we demonstrate that the vast majority of IκBα has been degradated within 5 min of stimulation with TNF-α (Fig. 3b). However, no age-dependent differences were observed in the phosphorylation or degradation of IκBα. In response to stimulation with TNF-α, NF-κB heterodimers translocate to ...
... degraded and we demonstrate that the vast majority of IκBα has been degradated within 5 min of stimulation with TNF-α (Fig. 3b). However, no age-dependent differences were observed in the phosphorylation or degradation of IκBα. In response to stimulation with TNF-α, NF-κB heterodimers translocate to ...
Churchill, a Zinc Finger Transcriptional Activator, Regulates the
... beads soaked in FGF4 (28/28) or FGF8b (20/23; Figure 1L) induce ChCh with the same time course as a node. By contrast, neither control beads (0/4), Chordin (0/12), Noggin (0/18), HGF/SF (0/16), nor Cerberus (0/6) induces ChCh. Moreover, FGF8 induces ChCh even in the presence of BMP4 (7/8), indicatin ...
... beads soaked in FGF4 (28/28) or FGF8b (20/23; Figure 1L) induce ChCh with the same time course as a node. By contrast, neither control beads (0/4), Chordin (0/12), Noggin (0/18), HGF/SF (0/16), nor Cerberus (0/6) induces ChCh. Moreover, FGF8 induces ChCh even in the presence of BMP4 (7/8), indicatin ...
Role of E-cadherin and other cell adhesion molecules in survival
... therefore, have been hailed as a transformative breakthrough in regenerative medicine with potential to lead to disease-based modeling and patient-tailed therapies. Clearly, understanding the mechanisms that control self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs is key to realizi ...
... therefore, have been hailed as a transformative breakthrough in regenerative medicine with potential to lead to disease-based modeling and patient-tailed therapies. Clearly, understanding the mechanisms that control self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs is key to realizi ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Protoderm formation is one of the earliest patterning events during Arabidopsis embryogenesis, taking place at the transition from the octant to the dermatogen stage, when the eight cells of the embryo proper divide tangentially (Figure 2a). The outer cell layer thus formed is designated the protode ...
... Protoderm formation is one of the earliest patterning events during Arabidopsis embryogenesis, taking place at the transition from the octant to the dermatogen stage, when the eight cells of the embryo proper divide tangentially (Figure 2a). The outer cell layer thus formed is designated the protode ...
How flexible is α-actinin`s rod domain?
... Abstract: α−actinin, an actin binding protein, plays a Endo, and Ebashi (1967)]. On the other hand, in nonkey role in cell migration, cross-links actin filaments in muscle cells, α-actinin organizes the cortical cytoskelethe Z-disk, and is a major component of contractile mus- ton adjacent to membra ...
... Abstract: α−actinin, an actin binding protein, plays a Endo, and Ebashi (1967)]. On the other hand, in nonkey role in cell migration, cross-links actin filaments in muscle cells, α-actinin organizes the cortical cytoskelethe Z-disk, and is a major component of contractile mus- ton adjacent to membra ...
A Per-ARNT-Sim-Like Sensor Domain Uniquely
... Ye, 1999; Ratcliffe et al., 2000, Otsuga et al., 2001). Loss of REV function leads to failure to produce axillary meristems and functional floral meristems. It also leads to alteration of vascular patterning within the stem. When rev mutations are combined with loss-of-function mutations in the PHB ...
... Ye, 1999; Ratcliffe et al., 2000, Otsuga et al., 2001). Loss of REV function leads to failure to produce axillary meristems and functional floral meristems. It also leads to alteration of vascular patterning within the stem. When rev mutations are combined with loss-of-function mutations in the PHB ...
Xenopus ADAM13 and ADAM19 are Important for Proper
... 1.1: The Different Types of Cell Movement during Gastrulation ........................................... 14 1.2: Illustration of Gastrulation in the Xenopus laevis Embryo .............................................. 15 1.3: Schematic Diagram of an ADAM Family Member .............................. ...
... 1.1: The Different Types of Cell Movement during Gastrulation ........................................... 14 1.2: Illustration of Gastrulation in the Xenopus laevis Embryo .............................................. 15 1.3: Schematic Diagram of an ADAM Family Member .............................. ...
Identification of the Human Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter (GLUT1
... Follow this and additional works at: http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons ...
... Follow this and additional works at: http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.