Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a natural tool for plant transformation
... hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (Heath et al., 1995). This structure is characteristic for other transmembrane sensor proteins and folds the protein to be simultaneously aligned with the inner membrane and anchored in the membrane (Seligman and Manoil, 1994). The TM2 is the kinase domain and pla ...
... hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (Heath et al., 1995). This structure is characteristic for other transmembrane sensor proteins and folds the protein to be simultaneously aligned with the inner membrane and anchored in the membrane (Seligman and Manoil, 1994). The TM2 is the kinase domain and pla ...
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... occurs in this amino acid chain. From the 12 TMs, eight of them surrounds the four TMs. TM-2 and TM-11 are on front side, TM-5 and TM-8 on back side and two each on both left and right side. The other four are joined in sets and make a kind of hourglass shape that is encompassed by a wall (Law et al ...
... occurs in this amino acid chain. From the 12 TMs, eight of them surrounds the four TMs. TM-2 and TM-11 are on front side, TM-5 and TM-8 on back side and two each on both left and right side. The other four are joined in sets and make a kind of hourglass shape that is encompassed by a wall (Law et al ...
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... When seedling peroxisomes are transformed to leaf peroxisomes, obsolete ICL and MLS must be degraded. In recent studies, three mechanisms have been proposed for the degradation of these proteins during post-germinative growth of Arabidopsis seedlings (Figure 1). In one mechanism [herein designated i ...
... When seedling peroxisomes are transformed to leaf peroxisomes, obsolete ICL and MLS must be degraded. In recent studies, three mechanisms have been proposed for the degradation of these proteins during post-germinative growth of Arabidopsis seedlings (Figure 1). In one mechanism [herein designated i ...
Transporters of nucleotide sugars, nucleotide
... Recently the UDP-GlcNAc, CMP-sialic acid and GDPmannose transporters from the Golgi apparatus membrane were cloned (Abeijon et al., 1996; Eckhardt et al., 1996; Ma et al., 1997). These transporters, as well as those for other nucleotide sugars, PAPS and ATP, are required for these nucleotide derivat ...
... Recently the UDP-GlcNAc, CMP-sialic acid and GDPmannose transporters from the Golgi apparatus membrane were cloned (Abeijon et al., 1996; Eckhardt et al., 1996; Ma et al., 1997). These transporters, as well as those for other nucleotide sugars, PAPS and ATP, are required for these nucleotide derivat ...
Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3
... Fig. 1. Zebrafish vegfc mutants lack lymphatic vessels, but appear otherwise normal. (A-D) Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) show unaltered overall morphology and blood vasculature in vegfchu5055 mutants (B) compared with wild type (A). The TD (C, arrows) is absent in vegfchu5055 (D, asterisks ...
... Fig. 1. Zebrafish vegfc mutants lack lymphatic vessels, but appear otherwise normal. (A-D) Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP) show unaltered overall morphology and blood vasculature in vegfchu5055 mutants (B) compared with wild type (A). The TD (C, arrows) is absent in vegfchu5055 (D, asterisks ...
Holding it all together? Candidate proteins for the plant Golgi matrix
... important for maintaining the integrity of the Golgi apparatus has been identified in animals and yeast (Figure 2). Golgins are large proteins with extensive coiled-coil domains [20–22]. The coiled-coil is a very common protein motif that consists of heptad repeats, which form amphipatic a-helices t ...
... important for maintaining the integrity of the Golgi apparatus has been identified in animals and yeast (Figure 2). Golgins are large proteins with extensive coiled-coil domains [20–22]. The coiled-coil is a very common protein motif that consists of heptad repeats, which form amphipatic a-helices t ...
The Plasma Membrane - Beck-Shop
... A model of the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells is given in Figure 2.2. Phospholipids form the layer at both faces of the membrane while globular proteins are either integral (transmembrane) or peripheral (available at either side). Thin sections of osmium-stained bacterial membranes reveal thre ...
... A model of the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells is given in Figure 2.2. Phospholipids form the layer at both faces of the membrane while globular proteins are either integral (transmembrane) or peripheral (available at either side). Thin sections of osmium-stained bacterial membranes reveal thre ...
CDP1, a novel component of chloroplast division site
... (Figure 6A). In addition, the signal of self-interaction was also detected in chloroplasts with co-transformed AtCDP1-YFPN and AtCDP1-YFPC in Arabidopsis protoplasts (Figure 6B, the first row). As a positive control, the signal of ARC3 self-interaction was detected in chloroplasts too (Figure 6B, th ...
... (Figure 6A). In addition, the signal of self-interaction was also detected in chloroplasts with co-transformed AtCDP1-YFPN and AtCDP1-YFPC in Arabidopsis protoplasts (Figure 6B, the first row). As a positive control, the signal of ARC3 self-interaction was detected in chloroplasts too (Figure 6B, th ...
THE RENAL ELECTROGENIC Na+:HCO3 COTRANSPORTER
... The Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, sometimes referred to as the Na+-independent Cl−/HCO3− exchanger to distinguish it from the Na+-driven Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, was the first HCO3− transporter to be described. There is now considerable information on the molecular biology and biochemistry of Cl−/HCO3− exchanger ...
... The Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, sometimes referred to as the Na+-independent Cl−/HCO3− exchanger to distinguish it from the Na+-driven Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, was the first HCO3− transporter to be described. There is now considerable information on the molecular biology and biochemistry of Cl−/HCO3− exchanger ...
Anatomy of a Cell :
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
Intact PTH
... calcium adjusted for albumin (ACa) in the diagnosis of hypo and hyperparathyroidism and other causes of hypercalcaemia. A PTH >3pmol/L is inappropriate if ACa is raised in a patient with normal renal function and is usually indicative of primary hyperparathyroidism. A raised calcium with suppressed ...
... calcium adjusted for albumin (ACa) in the diagnosis of hypo and hyperparathyroidism and other causes of hypercalcaemia. A PTH >3pmol/L is inappropriate if ACa is raised in a patient with normal renal function and is usually indicative of primary hyperparathyroidism. A raised calcium with suppressed ...
Fig. - Journal of Cell Science
... during cell division may have been important in the evolution of eukaryotic cell differentiation. One of the major challenges to studying complex spatiotemporal changes through the cell division cycle has been in visualizing organelles and cellular structures in a three-dimensional (3D) context. Con ...
... during cell division may have been important in the evolution of eukaryotic cell differentiation. One of the major challenges to studying complex spatiotemporal changes through the cell division cycle has been in visualizing organelles and cellular structures in a three-dimensional (3D) context. Con ...
9. Fibrous proteins and collagen
... Each fibrous protein exhibits special mechanical properties, resulting from its unique structure, which are obtained by combining specific amino acids into regular, secondary structural elements. This is in contrast to globular proteins, whose shapes are the result of complex interactions between se ...
... Each fibrous protein exhibits special mechanical properties, resulting from its unique structure, which are obtained by combining specific amino acids into regular, secondary structural elements. This is in contrast to globular proteins, whose shapes are the result of complex interactions between se ...
Transcriptional mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle
... transcription factors, such as paired box, homeobox and T-box proteins, have been identified as binding upstream of MRF genes. None of these factors is exclusively expressed in the muscle progenitor cells that give rise to differentiated muscle cells, which suggests that these transcription factor ...
... transcription factors, such as paired box, homeobox and T-box proteins, have been identified as binding upstream of MRF genes. None of these factors is exclusively expressed in the muscle progenitor cells that give rise to differentiated muscle cells, which suggests that these transcription factor ...
Janice Evans
... – Fertilization / egg activation • exit from metaphase II arrest and progression into the embryonic cell cycle ...
... – Fertilization / egg activation • exit from metaphase II arrest and progression into the embryonic cell cycle ...
Reverse engineering of drug induced DNA damage response
... kinase (PI3K/PI4K) catalytic domain. ATM and ATR work as sensors of DNA damage and their kinase activities are rapidly induced following different types of DNA damage. Activation of these kinases requires autophosphorylation and this could be used as a biomarker for DDR activation [7, 8]. Following ...
... kinase (PI3K/PI4K) catalytic domain. ATM and ATR work as sensors of DNA damage and their kinase activities are rapidly induced following different types of DNA damage. Activation of these kinases requires autophosphorylation and this could be used as a biomarker for DDR activation [7, 8]. Following ...
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... affecting DNA-damage repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis • Deacetylates NF-kB, a prosurvival tanscription factor (context dependent) ...
... affecting DNA-damage repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis • Deacetylates NF-kB, a prosurvival tanscription factor (context dependent) ...
Transforming Growth Factor- Signaling Strength Determines Target
... found that TGF-mediated growth arrest is much more readily disrupted by even a modest reduction in TR-I kinase activity, while blocking TGF-induced EMT requires a much greater degree of receptor inhibition. Secondly, we found that the TGF-regulated gene expression program encompasses three disti ...
... found that TGF-mediated growth arrest is much more readily disrupted by even a modest reduction in TR-I kinase activity, while blocking TGF-induced EMT requires a much greater degree of receptor inhibition. Secondly, we found that the TGF-regulated gene expression program encompasses three disti ...
M100,907, a selective 5-HT antagonist, attenuates dopamine
... Previous research has suggested that serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors modulate the functioning of the mesocortical dopamine (DA) pathway. However, the specific role of 5-HT 2A receptors localized within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is not known. The present study employed in vivo microdialysis to ...
... Previous research has suggested that serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors modulate the functioning of the mesocortical dopamine (DA) pathway. However, the specific role of 5-HT 2A receptors localized within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is not known. The present study employed in vivo microdialysis to ...
Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
... repair and restitution, and the demand to coordinate nuclear gene expression and maintain regulatory processes in response to cellular need for ATP synthesis were not plausible [3,4,16-18]. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is dependent on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
How to move an amphipathic molecule across a lipid
... coupling helices contained within the long intracellular loops linking TM helices interact with the NBD of the opposite subunit in an arrangement termed ‘domain swapping’ [47]. Interestingly, ABCD proteins have a significant number of conserved hydrophilic residues in predicted transmembrane helices ...
... coupling helices contained within the long intracellular loops linking TM helices interact with the NBD of the opposite subunit in an arrangement termed ‘domain swapping’ [47]. Interestingly, ABCD proteins have a significant number of conserved hydrophilic residues in predicted transmembrane helices ...
Bacteriophages and Their Structural Organisation
... transport the viral particles to the perinuclear area of the host cell, where the conditions for viral replication are optimal. The other way of infection is to inject only the viral genome (sometimes accompanied by additional proteins) directly into the host cytoplasm. The viruses are very economic ...
... transport the viral particles to the perinuclear area of the host cell, where the conditions for viral replication are optimal. The other way of infection is to inject only the viral genome (sometimes accompanied by additional proteins) directly into the host cytoplasm. The viruses are very economic ...
Influence of Notch on dorsoventral
... al., 1999), but there are crucial differences between the action of Notch at the DV boundary and that of Hh at the AP boundary. Signaling between dorsal and ventral compartments is bidirectional, rather than unidirectional. Additionally, neither ectopic activation of Notch nor loss of Notch activati ...
... al., 1999), but there are crucial differences between the action of Notch at the DV boundary and that of Hh at the AP boundary. Signaling between dorsal and ventral compartments is bidirectional, rather than unidirectional. Additionally, neither ectopic activation of Notch nor loss of Notch activati ...
Jamieson
... rad9 and cdc28 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to H2O2, although rad9 mutants were not hypersensitive to the superoxide anion generator menadione.34 Glutaredoxin In common with most organisms, S. cerevisiae also possesses glutaredoxins, a class of small proteins with an active site containin ...
... rad9 and cdc28 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to H2O2, although rad9 mutants were not hypersensitive to the superoxide anion generator menadione.34 Glutaredoxin In common with most organisms, S. cerevisiae also possesses glutaredoxins, a class of small proteins with an active site containin ...
Hormonal regulation of stem cell maintenance in roots
... The root structure of plants is formed by a balance between cell division and differentiation. There are groups of undifferentiated meristematic cells which have the potential to divide, and they are called initials or stem cells. The mitotically less active QC is surrounded by the initial cells, wh ...
... The root structure of plants is formed by a balance between cell division and differentiation. There are groups of undifferentiated meristematic cells which have the potential to divide, and they are called initials or stem cells. The mitotically less active QC is surrounded by the initial cells, wh ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.