Cell Fate Specification in the C. elegans Embryo
... metazoans, embryonic cells must ultimately assign fates to individual cells and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from th ...
... metazoans, embryonic cells must ultimately assign fates to individual cells and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from th ...
Dopamine
... DA NEURON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that DA-containing neurons in the midbrain exhibit spontaneous spike firing that is driven by an endogenous pacemaker conductance (1–3), with their activity modulated by afferent inputs. One of the prominent regulat ...
... DA NEURON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that DA-containing neurons in the midbrain exhibit spontaneous spike firing that is driven by an endogenous pacemaker conductance (1–3), with their activity modulated by afferent inputs. One of the prominent regulat ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... to large areas of the compound eye, present a strong, instantaneous perturbation of the visual system. Several thousand photoreceptors are simultaneously excited. Their signals travel along an equally large number of parallel fibres centripetally, and along particular pathways even through the whole ...
... to large areas of the compound eye, present a strong, instantaneous perturbation of the visual system. Several thousand photoreceptors are simultaneously excited. Their signals travel along an equally large number of parallel fibres centripetally, and along particular pathways even through the whole ...
Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism
... different internal acidic organelles in eukaryotic cells. In addition, this type of proton pump has been found on the plasma membrane of both insects and some bacterial species. The V-ATPase has an intricate structure which is ...
... different internal acidic organelles in eukaryotic cells. In addition, this type of proton pump has been found on the plasma membrane of both insects and some bacterial species. The V-ATPase has an intricate structure which is ...
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... axons59. Mitochondrial DNA damage increases with age and with the reduced production of ATP in the RGC, compromising RGC viability. As a result, mitochondrial dysfunction could play a key role in glaucoma. It is found that decreased ATP availability leads to cellular energy crisis, interrupting the ...
... axons59. Mitochondrial DNA damage increases with age and with the reduced production of ATP in the RGC, compromising RGC viability. As a result, mitochondrial dysfunction could play a key role in glaucoma. It is found that decreased ATP availability leads to cellular energy crisis, interrupting the ...
Divergent mechanisms underlie Smad4
... invasive growth, can be due to tumor induced proteolytic tissue remodeling or to reduced synthesis of BM molecules by incipient tumor cells. Laminin-332 (laminin-5), a heterotrimeric BM component composed of α3-, β3- and γ2-chains, has recently been identified as a target structure of Smad4 and repr ...
... invasive growth, can be due to tumor induced proteolytic tissue remodeling or to reduced synthesis of BM molecules by incipient tumor cells. Laminin-332 (laminin-5), a heterotrimeric BM component composed of α3-, β3- and γ2-chains, has recently been identified as a target structure of Smad4 and repr ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, phosphorylates and activates multiple effector and adaptor proteins. Mutation of the CD3 ITAM reduces the efficiency of positive selection in low avidity TCR transgenic lines (5). This is consistent with observations that the number of TCR ITAMs available for p ...
... Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, phosphorylates and activates multiple effector and adaptor proteins. Mutation of the CD3 ITAM reduces the efficiency of positive selection in low avidity TCR transgenic lines (5). This is consistent with observations that the number of TCR ITAMs available for p ...
The Calyptogena magnifica Chemoautotrophic Symbiont Genome
... the a proton concomitant with cleavage of the C-OP bond in the phosphothreonine residue. This unexpected enzymatic activity, termed phosphothreonine lyase, appeared specific for MAPKs and was shared by other OspF family members. ...
... the a proton concomitant with cleavage of the C-OP bond in the phosphothreonine residue. This unexpected enzymatic activity, termed phosphothreonine lyase, appeared specific for MAPKs and was shared by other OspF family members. ...
Cerebellar Abnormalities Based on Chemical Neuroanatomy
... [22]. Three types of RyRs (RyR1, RyR2 and RyR3) have been identified, and all of them are known to be expressed in the mouse cerebellum [15,19,25]. In the rolling mouse cerebellum, RyR1 expression in Purkinje cells was uniformly reduced through all cerebellar lobules [47]. Such expressional change i ...
... [22]. Three types of RyRs (RyR1, RyR2 and RyR3) have been identified, and all of them are known to be expressed in the mouse cerebellum [15,19,25]. In the rolling mouse cerebellum, RyR1 expression in Purkinje cells was uniformly reduced through all cerebellar lobules [47]. Such expressional change i ...
Molecular Imaging of the Initial Inflammatory Response in
... initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and the susceptibility to acute ischemic syndromes. Novel methods for detecting vascular inflammation are being developed to better ascertain risk for adverse events. One strategy is to directly visualize the molecular or cellular components of the immun ...
... initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and the susceptibility to acute ischemic syndromes. Novel methods for detecting vascular inflammation are being developed to better ascertain risk for adverse events. One strategy is to directly visualize the molecular or cellular components of the immun ...
Changes in Typical Organelles in Developing Cotyledons of Soybean
... were also recognized (Figs. 3C, 30) . These organelles were distinctly stained by PAS, CBB and osmium and could also be distinguished from other structures by their spherical shape . Their number and size increased around 30 OAF. Until they are better understood, we are calling these organelles prot ...
... were also recognized (Figs. 3C, 30) . These organelles were distinctly stained by PAS, CBB and osmium and could also be distinguished from other structures by their spherical shape . Their number and size increased around 30 OAF. Until they are better understood, we are calling these organelles prot ...
sensory receptors
... • Explain the structure and function of the retina's layers, describe the distribution of rods and cones, and discuss the role of photoreceptors in visual acuity. ...
... • Explain the structure and function of the retina's layers, describe the distribution of rods and cones, and discuss the role of photoreceptors in visual acuity. ...
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... transition around the same time to asymmetric mitoses as daughters leave the cell cycle, and eventually end with terminal divisions at a late embryonic stage. Both the random and phasic models predict synchrony between the developmental staging of RPCs, but the stepwise model is compatible with asyn ...
... transition around the same time to asymmetric mitoses as daughters leave the cell cycle, and eventually end with terminal divisions at a late embryonic stage. Both the random and phasic models predict synchrony between the developmental staging of RPCs, but the stepwise model is compatible with asyn ...
RNAi (PDF) (1.14 MB)
... yet known, it presumably involves a species of nucleic acid homologous to the viral target. Similarly, spreading of the RNAi signal beyond the initial site of inoculation is seen in the nematode C. elegans, which can also take up RNA directly from the environment—these process involving the membrane ...
... yet known, it presumably involves a species of nucleic acid homologous to the viral target. Similarly, spreading of the RNAi signal beyond the initial site of inoculation is seen in the nematode C. elegans, which can also take up RNA directly from the environment—these process involving the membrane ...
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... a. protein molecules. b. vesicle remnants. c. a double layer of lipid molecules. d. cytoplasm. e. a single layer of lipid molecules interfaced with a layer of protein molecules. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-15 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: c. a double layer of lipid molecules. ...
... a. protein molecules. b. vesicle remnants. c. a double layer of lipid molecules. d. cytoplasm. e. a single layer of lipid molecules interfaced with a layer of protein molecules. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1-15 Page Ref: 31 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: c. a double layer of lipid molecules. ...
Defining retinal progenitor cell competence in
... transition around the same time to asymmetric mitoses as daughters leave the cell cycle, and eventually end with terminal divisions at a late embryonic stage. Both the random and phasic models predict synchrony between the developmental staging of RPCs, but the stepwise model is compatible with asyn ...
... transition around the same time to asymmetric mitoses as daughters leave the cell cycle, and eventually end with terminal divisions at a late embryonic stage. Both the random and phasic models predict synchrony between the developmental staging of RPCs, but the stepwise model is compatible with asyn ...
Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic
... cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and intracellular calcium levels (Supplementary Fig. 2c, d). In contrast, expression of AdipoR1 enhanced increases in PPAR-a ligand activity by both globular and full-length adiponectin (Supplementary Fig. 2e). Expression of AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 in C2C12 myocytes (Supplementary ...
... cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and intracellular calcium levels (Supplementary Fig. 2c, d). In contrast, expression of AdipoR1 enhanced increases in PPAR-a ligand activity by both globular and full-length adiponectin (Supplementary Fig. 2e). Expression of AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 in C2C12 myocytes (Supplementary ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... can either be recycled back to the plasma membrane to allow for repeated receptor activation or be sorted and targeted for lysosomal degradation, resulting in the termination of receptor signalling 54–56. A known hallmark of endosome-to-lysosome maturation is the progressive decrease of the interna ...
... can either be recycled back to the plasma membrane to allow for repeated receptor activation or be sorted and targeted for lysosomal degradation, resulting in the termination of receptor signalling 54–56. A known hallmark of endosome-to-lysosome maturation is the progressive decrease of the interna ...
!SMOOTH!MUSCLE!
... 2. This!Ca2+XCalmodulin!then!binds!to!myosin!light!chain! kinases,!wich!causes!phosphorylation! 3. These!phosphorylates!light!chain!kinases!then!turn!ATP! into!ADP! 4. With!the!addition!of!ADP,!the!myosin!heads!can!now! bind!and!contract.!! 5. Thus,!force!is!produced! ...
... 2. This!Ca2+XCalmodulin!then!binds!to!myosin!light!chain! kinases,!wich!causes!phosphorylation! 3. These!phosphorylates!light!chain!kinases!then!turn!ATP! into!ADP! 4. With!the!addition!of!ADP,!the!myosin!heads!can!now! bind!and!contract.!! 5. Thus,!force!is!produced! ...
Zhen jin liprin protein regulates differentiation of presynmaptic termini c elegans nature 1999
... At synaptic junctions, specialized subcellular structures occur in both pre- and postsynaptic cells. Most presynaptic termini contain electron-dense membrane structures1, often referred to as active zones, which function in vesicle docking and release2. The components of those active zones and how t ...
... At synaptic junctions, specialized subcellular structures occur in both pre- and postsynaptic cells. Most presynaptic termini contain electron-dense membrane structures1, often referred to as active zones, which function in vesicle docking and release2. The components of those active zones and how t ...
Ciliary neurotrophic factor may activate mature
... (Lisovoski et al., 1997), the very restricted areas in which this activation was observed around sites of potential delivery of the cytokine had led us to hypothesize either that CNTF did not spread freely far away from these sites or that a high concentration of the cytokine was required. The prese ...
... (Lisovoski et al., 1997), the very restricted areas in which this activation was observed around sites of potential delivery of the cytokine had led us to hypothesize either that CNTF did not spread freely far away from these sites or that a high concentration of the cytokine was required. The prese ...
Vaccinia Protein F12 Has Structural Similarity to Kinesin
... The TPR (NCBI CDD cd00189) is a common structural motif facilitating protein-protein interactions and the assembly of multiprotein complexes. The repeat comprises a pattern of small and large amino acids [WLF]-X(2)-[LIM]-[GAS]-X(2)-[YLF]-X(8)[ASE]-X(3)-[FYL]-X(2)-[ASL]-X(4)-[PKE] with no position in ...
... The TPR (NCBI CDD cd00189) is a common structural motif facilitating protein-protein interactions and the assembly of multiprotein complexes. The repeat comprises a pattern of small and large amino acids [WLF]-X(2)-[LIM]-[GAS]-X(2)-[YLF]-X(8)[ASE]-X(3)-[FYL]-X(2)-[ASL]-X(4)-[PKE] with no position in ...
tubulin isotypes - Journal of Cell Science
... benD, that appeared to cosegregate with some of the previously mentioned ¡3-tubulin restriction fragments in meiotic analysis. Mutations in ben A cosegregate with the bet A locus and mutations in benD cosegregate with the betB locus. Thus, the general conclusion of this study is the suggestion that ...
... benD, that appeared to cosegregate with some of the previously mentioned ¡3-tubulin restriction fragments in meiotic analysis. Mutations in ben A cosegregate with the bet A locus and mutations in benD cosegregate with the betB locus. Thus, the general conclusion of this study is the suggestion that ...
Thesis-1972D-H792p
... It should be pointed out that compounds such as penicillin, vancomycin, or D-amino acids which inhibit division activity and cell wall synthesis do not impair DNA synthesis (Grula et al., 1968), Other investigators, (Weidel, Frank, and Martin, 1964) have equated inhibition of cell division, in the p ...
... It should be pointed out that compounds such as penicillin, vancomycin, or D-amino acids which inhibit division activity and cell wall synthesis do not impair DNA synthesis (Grula et al., 1968), Other investigators, (Weidel, Frank, and Martin, 1964) have equated inhibition of cell division, in the p ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.