Document
... growth conditions) and becomes the NMR-visible component. The other protein is expressed in an unlabeled form, after switching the medium to non-labeled growth conditions and thus remains NMR-invisible. Once the two proteins encounter each other in the cytoplasm of the expression host, the resulting ...
... growth conditions) and becomes the NMR-visible component. The other protein is expressed in an unlabeled form, after switching the medium to non-labeled growth conditions and thus remains NMR-invisible. Once the two proteins encounter each other in the cytoplasm of the expression host, the resulting ...
salinity change and cell volume: the response of tissues from the
... allowed to extract overnight at 4 °C in 6 % PCA. Samples were then centrifuged at 50 000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was titrated to pH 7 with KOH, refrigerated for 2 h, and then centrifuged again at 50 000 g for 20 min. The resulting supernatant was passed through a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Millipo ...
... allowed to extract overnight at 4 °C in 6 % PCA. Samples were then centrifuged at 50 000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was titrated to pH 7 with KOH, refrigerated for 2 h, and then centrifuged again at 50 000 g for 20 min. The resulting supernatant was passed through a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Millipo ...
Fgf8 induces pillar cell fate and regulates cellular
... Embryos that were Fgf8⌬2,3n/flox; Foxg1cre/+ (see Materials and methods for specific genetic cross) die at birth as a result of defects in the development of the forebrain (Storm et al., 2003); however, overall development of the inner ear and cochlea appeared normal. To examine the effects of inact ...
... Embryos that were Fgf8⌬2,3n/flox; Foxg1cre/+ (see Materials and methods for specific genetic cross) die at birth as a result of defects in the development of the forebrain (Storm et al., 2003); however, overall development of the inner ear and cochlea appeared normal. To examine the effects of inact ...
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... pathway of secreted proteins. Cell surface labeling of proteins by iodination and biotinylation indicate that there are many (glyco)proteins on the cell surfaces of fungi (Epstein et al. 1987; Apoga et al. 2001; de Nobel et al. 2001; de Groot et al. 2004; Weig et al. 2004). Adding to the complexity ...
... pathway of secreted proteins. Cell surface labeling of proteins by iodination and biotinylation indicate that there are many (glyco)proteins on the cell surfaces of fungi (Epstein et al. 1987; Apoga et al. 2001; de Nobel et al. 2001; de Groot et al. 2004; Weig et al. 2004). Adding to the complexity ...
Molecular Immunology Circular Dichroism reveals evidence of coupling between immunoglobulin
... acid variations that produce proteins with different effector functions (Spira and Scharff, 1992). To our knowledge this is the first comparison of secondary structure among immunoglobulins with identical V regions and differing C region domains. CD spectra of the four isotypes revealed that these is ...
... acid variations that produce proteins with different effector functions (Spira and Scharff, 1992). To our knowledge this is the first comparison of secondary structure among immunoglobulins with identical V regions and differing C region domains. CD spectra of the four isotypes revealed that these is ...
Regulation of myocardial contractility 1958–1983: An Odyssey
... of Szent-Gyorgyi (28) who obse rved that high K + concentration s reduced the interaction s between actin and myosin in vitro. The often cited study by Hajdu (29), in which the force ge nerated from isol ated ca rdiac muscle prep aration s was found to decrease by interventions that led to K + uptak ...
... of Szent-Gyorgyi (28) who obse rved that high K + concentration s reduced the interaction s between actin and myosin in vitro. The often cited study by Hajdu (29), in which the force ge nerated from isol ated ca rdiac muscle prep aration s was found to decrease by interventions that led to K + uptak ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Wnt
... Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be important in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dom ...
... Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be important in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dom ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... smooth swimming and tumbling (69). In smooth swimming the flagella rotate counterclockwise (CCW), defined by looking at the end of the flagellum, causing the filament to form a bundle. This causes the cell to move forward. When rotating in a clockwise direction, the flagellar bundle will disperse, c ...
... smooth swimming and tumbling (69). In smooth swimming the flagella rotate counterclockwise (CCW), defined by looking at the end of the flagellum, causing the filament to form a bundle. This causes the cell to move forward. When rotating in a clockwise direction, the flagellar bundle will disperse, c ...
Models of infectious diseases in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
... optimal agonist for the Imd pathway. Toll mutant flies are also more sensitive to the virus Drosophila X Virus (DXV) (Zambon et al., 2005). In this case, flies carrying an activated allele of Toll are sensitive to the virus and have an increased titer. The same is true for loss-of-function mutants i ...
... optimal agonist for the Imd pathway. Toll mutant flies are also more sensitive to the virus Drosophila X Virus (DXV) (Zambon et al., 2005). In this case, flies carrying an activated allele of Toll are sensitive to the virus and have an increased titer. The same is true for loss-of-function mutants i ...
Extensive tissue-specific transcriptomic plasticity in maize primary
... potential gradient towards the environment is maintained; that is, a more negative water potential than in the outside medium, enabling water influx. Maintenance of root elongation further depends on an increase of longitudinal cell wall extensibility (reviewed in Yamaguchi and Sharp, 2010). Other d ...
... potential gradient towards the environment is maintained; that is, a more negative water potential than in the outside medium, enabling water influx. Maintenance of root elongation further depends on an increase of longitudinal cell wall extensibility (reviewed in Yamaguchi and Sharp, 2010). Other d ...
TETHERING: Fragment-Based Drug Discovery
... several groups (7, 44, 53) have used crystallography to discover and develop fragments. Crystallography can also be combined with NMR to yield a hybrid approach (76). Finally, MS can also provide a positive detection method. Although information available about the site of binding is usually more li ...
... several groups (7, 44, 53) have used crystallography to discover and develop fragments. Crystallography can also be combined with NMR to yield a hybrid approach (76). Finally, MS can also provide a positive detection method. Although information available about the site of binding is usually more li ...
Caveolae as potential macromolecule trafficking
... Fig. 2. (a) A gallery of 19 optical images taken at steps of 0.46 m through a paraffin section of rat lung tissue using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The rat lung tissue was immunostained with anti-caveolin-1 antibody and immunocolloidal gold. The colloidal gold was visually enhanced by ...
... Fig. 2. (a) A gallery of 19 optical images taken at steps of 0.46 m through a paraffin section of rat lung tissue using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The rat lung tissue was immunostained with anti-caveolin-1 antibody and immunocolloidal gold. The colloidal gold was visually enhanced by ...
The symbiotic ion channel homolog DMI1 is localized in the nuclear
... interaction (reviewed by Riely et al., 2006). A subset of Nod– mutants are also unable to form symbiotic associations with AM fungi, indicating that these genes participate in a common symbiotic pathway (Catoira et al., 2000; Kistner et al., 2005). The overlap of the two pathways suggests that rhizo ...
... interaction (reviewed by Riely et al., 2006). A subset of Nod– mutants are also unable to form symbiotic associations with AM fungi, indicating that these genes participate in a common symbiotic pathway (Catoira et al., 2000; Kistner et al., 2005). The overlap of the two pathways suggests that rhizo ...
ARF-Aux/IAA interactions through domain III/IV are not strictly
... genes require transfection of an ARF activator or an ARF DBD Phosphorylation of ARF proteins (e.g., ARF2) might also influfused to an AD to activate the auxin response genes.11,15 In con- ence their DNA-binding activity and phosphorylation of ARF2 trast, the Tiwari et al.10 experiments relied on wil ...
... genes require transfection of an ARF activator or an ARF DBD Phosphorylation of ARF proteins (e.g., ARF2) might also influfused to an AD to activate the auxin response genes.11,15 In con- ence their DNA-binding activity and phosphorylation of ARF2 trast, the Tiwari et al.10 experiments relied on wil ...
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated
... the S. cerevisiae genome (Paidhungat & Garrett, 1997), but we have recently succeeded in cloning it, using a plasmid whose copy number is kept low in Escherichia coli (Iida et al., 2007). In the present study, we used the cloned gene to examine the in vivo properties of Cch1 produced from a strong p ...
... the S. cerevisiae genome (Paidhungat & Garrett, 1997), but we have recently succeeded in cloning it, using a plasmid whose copy number is kept low in Escherichia coli (Iida et al., 2007). In the present study, we used the cloned gene to examine the in vivo properties of Cch1 produced from a strong p ...
Cellular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and skeletal
... Akt/PKB directly phosphorylates TSC2 on multiple residues (at least two sites, Ser939 and Thr1462; Refs. 55, 58, 70). This phosphorylation of TSC2 by Akt/PKB is thought to inhibit its GAP activity, allowing Rheb to accumulate in its active GTPbound form. GTP-bound Rheb strongly stimulates mTOR activ ...
... Akt/PKB directly phosphorylates TSC2 on multiple residues (at least two sites, Ser939 and Thr1462; Refs. 55, 58, 70). This phosphorylation of TSC2 by Akt/PKB is thought to inhibit its GAP activity, allowing Rheb to accumulate in its active GTPbound form. GTP-bound Rheb strongly stimulates mTOR activ ...
Mechanical stimuli of skeletal muscle: implications on mTOR/p70s6k
... essential functions in this organism; one regulates the moment when a cell grows and the other determines the place where a cell grows (Wullschleger et al. 2006). Therefore, growth control seems to be a crucial function performed by the TOR/mTOR. In the skeletal muscle cells, the rapamycin (a potent ...
... essential functions in this organism; one regulates the moment when a cell grows and the other determines the place where a cell grows (Wullschleger et al. 2006). Therefore, growth control seems to be a crucial function performed by the TOR/mTOR. In the skeletal muscle cells, the rapamycin (a potent ...
A Role in Migration for the v 1 Integrin Expressed on
... Noble et al., 1988; Armstrong et al., 1990). Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), however, can also provide instructive signals for many aspects of cell behavior, including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration (Streuli et al., 1991; Adams and Watt, 1993), ...
... Noble et al., 1988; Armstrong et al., 1990). Interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), however, can also provide instructive signals for many aspects of cell behavior, including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration (Streuli et al., 1991; Adams and Watt, 1993), ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are more negative charges on the cytosol side of the pl ...
... the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are more negative charges on the cytosol side of the pl ...
PDF
... arranged in the cortical region of the gonad and measure between 17 and 24 /*m in diameter. Each oogonium is enveloped by a small number of flattened follicle cells which are closely applied to the oogonial cell membrane (Figs. 3A-C, 5 A). The overall appearance of the oogonia at both light- and ele ...
... arranged in the cortical region of the gonad and measure between 17 and 24 /*m in diameter. Each oogonium is enveloped by a small number of flattened follicle cells which are closely applied to the oogonial cell membrane (Figs. 3A-C, 5 A). The overall appearance of the oogonia at both light- and ele ...
Basophils and Autoreactive IgE in the Pathogenesis of
... antigen as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) through expression of MHC class II [3133], to promote plasma cells survival [12,34], and to organize the recruitment of other immune cells in an IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation model [35]. Whether basophils exclusively play these rol ...
... antigen as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) through expression of MHC class II [3133], to promote plasma cells survival [12,34], and to organize the recruitment of other immune cells in an IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation model [35]. Whether basophils exclusively play these rol ...
An Equatorial Contractile Mechanism Drives Cell Elongation but not
... two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the early tailbud stage, convergent extension takes place that rearranges the cells into a stack-of-coins configuration at 14 hpf (Figu ...
... two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the early tailbud stage, convergent extension takes place that rearranges the cells into a stack-of-coins configuration at 14 hpf (Figu ...
novel therapy of high-priority citrus diseases
... category, thereby allowing us to choose the chimera with the highest anti-bacterial activity. Thionin1-D4E1 chimera was the first one that we started working on three years ago. At that time, the sequence of the citrus genome was not completed, and hence complete screening of citrus Thionins was not ...
... category, thereby allowing us to choose the chimera with the highest anti-bacterial activity. Thionin1-D4E1 chimera was the first one that we started working on three years ago. At that time, the sequence of the citrus genome was not completed, and hence complete screening of citrus Thionins was not ...
Ebolavirus Proteins Suppress the Effects of Small
... tion (14). As is the case with other NNS viruses, EBOV replication and transcription take place in the cytoplasm. Based on the vesicular stomatitis virus as a model for NNS viruses (63), following viral entry into the cytosol, the RNP complexassociated genome is uncoated and exposed to RdRp to be im ...
... tion (14). As is the case with other NNS viruses, EBOV replication and transcription take place in the cytoplasm. Based on the vesicular stomatitis virus as a model for NNS viruses (63), following viral entry into the cytosol, the RNP complexassociated genome is uncoated and exposed to RdRp to be im ...
ERK Nuclear Translocation Is Dimerization
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.