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... portion of the gonad arm is up; the proximal portion is down. Lower Panel: Nomarski photomicrograph of an adult C. elegans male gonad. The distal portion of the testis is above; the proximal region is below. ...
... portion of the gonad arm is up; the proximal portion is down. Lower Panel: Nomarski photomicrograph of an adult C. elegans male gonad. The distal portion of the testis is above; the proximal region is below. ...
The Mechanosensitive TRPV4 Ion Channel
... Rougerie et al. Immunol. Rev, 2013 Wynn et al. Nature, 2013 Blakney et al. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012 ...
... Rougerie et al. Immunol. Rev, 2013 Wynn et al. Nature, 2013 Blakney et al. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012 ...
Plant Physiology
... which are deficient in EPS,2 trigger nodule formation, but the nodules that develop are atypical. The nodules are free of bacteria ("empty") and clustered on secondary roots like "beads on a string" (11). We originally reported that EJ355, an exoB mutant in the multiply marked genetic background of ...
... which are deficient in EPS,2 trigger nodule formation, but the nodules that develop are atypical. The nodules are free of bacteria ("empty") and clustered on secondary roots like "beads on a string" (11). We originally reported that EJ355, an exoB mutant in the multiply marked genetic background of ...
Xenopus hairy2 functions in neural crest formation by maintaining
... Bronner-Fraser, 2006), although little is known about how these signaling molecules and transcription factors regulate neural crest induction and maintenance. Concomitant with the induction of neural crest precursors, the neural crest precursors must be multipotent progenitors. It has been ...
... Bronner-Fraser, 2006), although little is known about how these signaling molecules and transcription factors regulate neural crest induction and maintenance. Concomitant with the induction of neural crest precursors, the neural crest precursors must be multipotent progenitors. It has been ...
Session 140 Cell Biology of Trauma and Acquired Disease
... BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strain set. Expression datasets were generated 5 days after blast and compared with normal retinal microarray datasets respectively constructed from 30 mouse strains. The dataset is presented on GeneNetwork (genenetwork.org). To further examine the activation of the innat ...
... BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strain set. Expression datasets were generated 5 days after blast and compared with normal retinal microarray datasets respectively constructed from 30 mouse strains. The dataset is presented on GeneNetwork (genenetwork.org). To further examine the activation of the innat ...
ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint
... Baltimore, 2000; de Klein et al., 2000), whereas conditional knockout human cell lines divide only a few times before dying (Cortez et al., 2001; Brown and Baltimore, 2003). Because ATR and ATM are paralogs known to play partially overlapping roles in animal cells (Abraham, 2001), it is possible tha ...
... Baltimore, 2000; de Klein et al., 2000), whereas conditional knockout human cell lines divide only a few times before dying (Cortez et al., 2001; Brown and Baltimore, 2003). Because ATR and ATM are paralogs known to play partially overlapping roles in animal cells (Abraham, 2001), it is possible tha ...
Role of cholesterol in SNARE-mediated trafficking on intracellular
... It should be noted that in some cell types, in particular hepatocytes and steroidogenic cells, uptake of cholesterol from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can significantly contribute to cholesterol homeostasis. This is mediated by the scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SRB1, also known as SR-BI), a ...
... It should be noted that in some cell types, in particular hepatocytes and steroidogenic cells, uptake of cholesterol from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can significantly contribute to cholesterol homeostasis. This is mediated by the scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SRB1, also known as SR-BI), a ...
Plant Oligosaccharides – Outsiders among Elicitors?
... our data, at least 25 kg of plant material is needed to obtain 1 mg of partially purified oligosaccharide fractions from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). Taking into account that oligosaccharins cause physiological effect at extremely low concentrations, it can be assumed that the local concentrati ...
... our data, at least 25 kg of plant material is needed to obtain 1 mg of partially purified oligosaccharide fractions from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). Taking into account that oligosaccharins cause physiological effect at extremely low concentrations, it can be assumed that the local concentrati ...
An Auxin Gradient and Maximum in the Arabidopsis
... from five Arabidopsis lines, expressing GFP in specific cell types of the root apex (M0028, pWOL:GFP, J2812, pSCR:GFP, and PET111:GFP; see Supplemental Table 1 and Supplemental Figure 1 online for descriptions of the GFP expression patterns). For all tested GFP expressing lines, treatment with NPA d ...
... from five Arabidopsis lines, expressing GFP in specific cell types of the root apex (M0028, pWOL:GFP, J2812, pSCR:GFP, and PET111:GFP; see Supplemental Table 1 and Supplemental Figure 1 online for descriptions of the GFP expression patterns). For all tested GFP expressing lines, treatment with NPA d ...
Sarcomere assembly in C. elegans muscle
... We have also included one "counter current" dashed arrow in each of the pathways. These arrows indicate more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basemen ...
... We have also included one "counter current" dashed arrow in each of the pathways. These arrows indicate more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basemen ...
BMP4 regulation of sensory organ development in the chick inner ear
... A remarkably feature of the inner ear is that it accomplishes its functions by using a relatively limited number of mechanotransducer sensory cell types, collectively called hair cells. These are highly specialized epithelial cells that utilize a group of derived microvilli, referred to as stereocil ...
... A remarkably feature of the inner ear is that it accomplishes its functions by using a relatively limited number of mechanotransducer sensory cell types, collectively called hair cells. These are highly specialized epithelial cells that utilize a group of derived microvilli, referred to as stereocil ...
Plant Cell, 20, 1623-1638. - McGill Biology
... all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another diffusely secreting cell type, can carry both XG and RGI epitopes ...
... all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another diffusely secreting cell type, can carry both XG and RGI epitopes ...
Immune complexes formed following the binding of
... arterial and venular circulation. This can lead to limb- and life-threatening complications. Although the precise mechanism(s) of thrombosis is yet unestablished, evidence in literature supports a role for activated platelets, resulting procoagulants, and microparticles.13 Immune complexes also bind ...
... arterial and venular circulation. This can lead to limb- and life-threatening complications. Although the precise mechanism(s) of thrombosis is yet unestablished, evidence in literature supports a role for activated platelets, resulting procoagulants, and microparticles.13 Immune complexes also bind ...
Analysis of the Golgi Apparatus in Arabidopsis Seed
... all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another diffusely secreting cell type, can carry both XG and RGI epitopes ...
... all regions of the plasma membrane, is a stepwise process occurring from cis to trans and that different products can be synthesized in the same Golgi stack. A separate study showed that transport vesicles in clover root tips, another diffusely secreting cell type, can carry both XG and RGI epitopes ...
Lysosomal enzymes and inflammation
... have been observed in plasma cells (Page Thomas, 1969) and in A type cells of the synovial lining in rheumatoid synovia (Barland, Novikoff, and Hamerman, 1964; Wyllie, Haust, and More, 1966). Ultimately, the digestive vacuole, whether derived by heterophagy and pinocytosis (phagosome) or by autophag ...
... have been observed in plasma cells (Page Thomas, 1969) and in A type cells of the synovial lining in rheumatoid synovia (Barland, Novikoff, and Hamerman, 1964; Wyllie, Haust, and More, 1966). Ultimately, the digestive vacuole, whether derived by heterophagy and pinocytosis (phagosome) or by autophag ...
Selection of Shigella flexneri candidate virulence genes
... Shigella spp. survive and proliferate within host cytoplasms in which they induce many biochemical reactions of cells undergoing metabolic stress (Mantis et al., 1996). Nevertheless, while much is known about plasmidencoded proteins involved in the secretory machinery, entry and intra-intercellular ...
... Shigella spp. survive and proliferate within host cytoplasms in which they induce many biochemical reactions of cells undergoing metabolic stress (Mantis et al., 1996). Nevertheless, while much is known about plasmidencoded proteins involved in the secretory machinery, entry and intra-intercellular ...
Shared versus Specialized Glycinergic Spinal Interneurons in Axial
... 3 d post fertilization larvae to reveal the activity pattern of four commissural glycinergic interneuron types during escape, swimming and struggling behaviors. While some neuronal classes were shared among different motor patterns, we found others that were active only during a single one. These sp ...
... 3 d post fertilization larvae to reveal the activity pattern of four commissural glycinergic interneuron types during escape, swimming and struggling behaviors. While some neuronal classes were shared among different motor patterns, we found others that were active only during a single one. These sp ...
Document
... •eukaryotes have 3 nuclear RNA polymerases, which transcribe unique sets of genes •RNA pol II transcribes protein coding genes and must respond to and integrate a diverse set of signals in order to regulate expression of >25k genes •in vitro transcription systems for pol II show accurate initiation ...
... •eukaryotes have 3 nuclear RNA polymerases, which transcribe unique sets of genes •RNA pol II transcribes protein coding genes and must respond to and integrate a diverse set of signals in order to regulate expression of >25k genes •in vitro transcription systems for pol II show accurate initiation ...
Golgi Regeneration after Brefeldin A Treatment in
... investigation Golgi regeneration in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells was followed by electron microscopy and by the immunofluorescence detection of ARF1, which localizes to the rims of Golgi cisternae and serves as an indicator of COPI vesiculation. Beginning as clusters of vesicles that are COPI pos ...
... investigation Golgi regeneration in synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells was followed by electron microscopy and by the immunofluorescence detection of ARF1, which localizes to the rims of Golgi cisternae and serves as an indicator of COPI vesiculation. Beginning as clusters of vesicles that are COPI pos ...
Prolyl isomerases are important determinants of intracellular pH
... In a constantly changing environment, organisms have developed different strategies to maintain their internal media relatively constant. These mechanisms are known generically as homeostatic processes and allow the organism to maintain internal conditions within a tolerable range (Gao et al., 2004) ...
... In a constantly changing environment, organisms have developed different strategies to maintain their internal media relatively constant. These mechanisms are known generically as homeostatic processes and allow the organism to maintain internal conditions within a tolerable range (Gao et al., 2004) ...
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to intestinal
... employs multiple adhesins to colonize the small bowel and produces characteristic ‘attaching and effacing’ (A/E) lesions on small intestinal enterocytes. EPEC adhesins that have been associated with A/E adhesion and intestinal colonization include bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments and intimi ...
... employs multiple adhesins to colonize the small bowel and produces characteristic ‘attaching and effacing’ (A/E) lesions on small intestinal enterocytes. EPEC adhesins that have been associated with A/E adhesion and intestinal colonization include bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments and intimi ...
Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and
... CD82 [7], which interact with membrane proteins, such as integrins and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR [10]. Exosomes may not only have a role in T-cell activation, but may also function as a communicator between cells in the immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles, ...
... CD82 [7], which interact with membrane proteins, such as integrins and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR [10]. Exosomes may not only have a role in T-cell activation, but may also function as a communicator between cells in the immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles, ...
Forespore membrane assembly in yeast
... and target membranes carry v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs, respectively. The specific interaction between v- and tSNAREs might facilitate both docking and fusion steps. The SNARE proteins have been identified as essential components for membrane trafficking: synaptobrevin family proteins as vSNAREs, and synt ...
... and target membranes carry v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs, respectively. The specific interaction between v- and tSNAREs might facilitate both docking and fusion steps. The SNARE proteins have been identified as essential components for membrane trafficking: synaptobrevin family proteins as vSNAREs, and synt ...
Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B
... Purification of GST-Fusion Proteins. Vectors (pGEX-6P-1) expressing GST-fusions of individual EPAC1 domains in bacteria were generated previously as described in Magiera et al. (2004). GSTfusions of the CAT domain (amino acids 619–881), CAMP domain (amino acids 199–316), Dishevelled, Egl-10, and ple ...
... Purification of GST-Fusion Proteins. Vectors (pGEX-6P-1) expressing GST-fusions of individual EPAC1 domains in bacteria were generated previously as described in Magiera et al. (2004). GSTfusions of the CAT domain (amino acids 619–881), CAMP domain (amino acids 199–316), Dishevelled, Egl-10, and ple ...
Roles of ATR1 paralogs YMR279c and YOR378w in boron
... for their roles in boron tolerance. However, when their primary structures are considered, Ymr279c and Yor378w show 65% and 40% homology to Atr1, respectively. The N-terminal region is the most heterogenous part in all three proteins (Fig. S1). In spite of the similarities in their ORFs, they do not ...
... for their roles in boron tolerance. However, when their primary structures are considered, Ymr279c and Yor378w show 65% and 40% homology to Atr1, respectively. The N-terminal region is the most heterogenous part in all three proteins (Fig. S1). In spite of the similarities in their ORFs, they do not ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.