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... all are highly expressed in meiocytes, but most are also expressed in other tissues (Chen et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2011). For example, ASY1 in Arabidopsis, which encodes a protein essential for homologous chromosome synapsis, is expressed in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, though t ...
... all are highly expressed in meiocytes, but most are also expressed in other tissues (Chen et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2011). For example, ASY1 in Arabidopsis, which encodes a protein essential for homologous chromosome synapsis, is expressed in both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues, though t ...
ROLE OF SPINDLE MICROTUBULES IN THE
... Eggs were treated for 4 min with 5 • 10-6 M Colcemid from the same female and fertilized at the same - 2 0 min before first nuclear envelope breakdown. The time. horizontal lines represent time axes. First nuclear enveFig. 5A-J shows typical examples of the lope breakdown is normalized to 0 rain for ...
... Eggs were treated for 4 min with 5 • 10-6 M Colcemid from the same female and fertilized at the same - 2 0 min before first nuclear envelope breakdown. The time. horizontal lines represent time axes. First nuclear enveFig. 5A-J shows typical examples of the lope breakdown is normalized to 0 rain for ...
Two Cortical Circuits Control Propagating Waves in Visual Cortex
... The voltage responses of the cortical neurons were represented as movies prepared using Matlab. Speed and duration were measured for each of 832 cortical waves. Senseman and Robbins (2002) report that the most accurate way to measure the speed of a propagating wave in the cortex is to plot the laten ...
... The voltage responses of the cortical neurons were represented as movies prepared using Matlab. Speed and duration were measured for each of 832 cortical waves. Senseman and Robbins (2002) report that the most accurate way to measure the speed of a propagating wave in the cortex is to plot the laten ...
perspectives - UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
... of genes and the minimal number of genes examined is also essential. In all studies of CIMP so far (positive or negative), each group has used different methods and different genes, which can only contribute to the confusion. Moreover, the choice of genes is also tissue-type dependent, and a definit ...
... of genes and the minimal number of genes examined is also essential. In all studies of CIMP so far (positive or negative), each group has used different methods and different genes, which can only contribute to the confusion. Moreover, the choice of genes is also tissue-type dependent, and a definit ...
ARVO 2015 Annual Meeting Abstracts 164 Cornea endothelium
... laminins, HCEC subpopulations were most strongly bound to laminin-511 and weakly bound to Perlecan, Agrin, and TSP-1. Interestingly, the binding properties to laminins were different among these subpopulations. Although the level of attached cells to the laminin-411 coated plate was the same among t ...
... laminins, HCEC subpopulations were most strongly bound to laminin-511 and weakly bound to Perlecan, Agrin, and TSP-1. Interestingly, the binding properties to laminins were different among these subpopulations. Although the level of attached cells to the laminin-411 coated plate was the same among t ...
Cytoplasmic streaming in plants
... In contradiction, myosin XI of C. corallina might be a nonprocessive motor. This suggestion is based on an in vitro assay in which the sliding velocity of actin filaments on a glass surface coated with Chara myosin was shown to be sensitive to a change in myosin density [17]. It was further support ...
... In contradiction, myosin XI of C. corallina might be a nonprocessive motor. This suggestion is based on an in vitro assay in which the sliding velocity of actin filaments on a glass surface coated with Chara myosin was shown to be sensitive to a change in myosin density [17]. It was further support ...
Pancreas or liver choice within endoderm
... pig antibodies to glucagon and insulin were from Linco Research, Inc., with normal guinea pig IgG as a control (the latter giving no signals; data not shown). Antibody reactions were performed as ...
... pig antibodies to glucagon and insulin were from Linco Research, Inc., with normal guinea pig IgG as a control (the latter giving no signals; data not shown). Antibody reactions were performed as ...
Biological Properties of Tinospora crispa (Akar Patawali) and Its
... performed using One-way ANOVA whereas Tukey post hoc LSD was governed for multiple group comparison. In all cases, p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Proximate analysis of stem and leaves The results of proximate analysis which are presented in Table 1 show that T. crispa has high water cont ...
... performed using One-way ANOVA whereas Tukey post hoc LSD was governed for multiple group comparison. In all cases, p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Proximate analysis of stem and leaves The results of proximate analysis which are presented in Table 1 show that T. crispa has high water cont ...
Cell delamination in the mesencephalic neural fold
... The neural crest is a transient structure unique to vertebrate embryos that gives rise to multiple lineages along the rostrocaudal axis. In cranial regions, neural crest cells are thought to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteocytes, pericytes and stromal cells, which are collectively termed ectom ...
... The neural crest is a transient structure unique to vertebrate embryos that gives rise to multiple lineages along the rostrocaudal axis. In cranial regions, neural crest cells are thought to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteocytes, pericytes and stromal cells, which are collectively termed ectom ...
IL-10–producing NKT10 cells are a distinct regulatory invariant
... agonist of mouse and human iNKT cells, has been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients, and it is under continuing development as a therapeutic agent (1–7). The influence of iNKT cells can, however, be unpredictable, and they may exhibit opposing effects on tumor growth, infl ...
... agonist of mouse and human iNKT cells, has been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients, and it is under continuing development as a therapeutic agent (1–7). The influence of iNKT cells can, however, be unpredictable, and they may exhibit opposing effects on tumor growth, infl ...
4 | the tissue level of organization
... The zygote, or fertilized egg, is a single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm. After fertilization the zygote gives rise to rapid mitotic cycles, generating many cells to form the embryo. The first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the bo ...
... The zygote, or fertilized egg, is a single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm. After fertilization the zygote gives rise to rapid mitotic cycles, generating many cells to form the embryo. The first embryonic cells generated have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the bo ...
Risk Reduction in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by On
... imparted a protective effect on the E. coll cells. This protective effect was observed at both concentrations of chlorine, the highest level of which is typically present in swimming pool environments {Objectives 3-5). Studies involving the blue-fluorescent strain Legionella bozemanii were initiate ...
... imparted a protective effect on the E. coll cells. This protective effect was observed at both concentrations of chlorine, the highest level of which is typically present in swimming pool environments {Objectives 3-5). Studies involving the blue-fluorescent strain Legionella bozemanii were initiate ...
Localisation of the Ki-67 antigen within the nucleolus
... nucleoplasmic foci which are associated with neither fibrillarin nor RNA polymerase I. However, in treated cells the Ki-67 Ag remains associated with, but not co-localised to, regions containing B23/nucleophosmin. Our observations suggest that the Ki-67 antigen associates with a fibrillarin-deficien ...
... nucleoplasmic foci which are associated with neither fibrillarin nor RNA polymerase I. However, in treated cells the Ki-67 Ag remains associated with, but not co-localised to, regions containing B23/nucleophosmin. Our observations suggest that the Ki-67 antigen associates with a fibrillarin-deficien ...
Molecular mechanism of protrusion formation during Listeria Keith Ireton Luciano A. Rigano
... (Schubert et al., 2001; Bierne et al., 2007). Interestingly, although most internalin proteins are anchored to the Listeria cell surface, InlC is entirely secreted (Engelbrecht et al., 1996). Importantly, the expression of inlC is greatly increased upon internalization of bacteria into human cells d ...
... (Schubert et al., 2001; Bierne et al., 2007). Interestingly, although most internalin proteins are anchored to the Listeria cell surface, InlC is entirely secreted (Engelbrecht et al., 1996). Importantly, the expression of inlC is greatly increased upon internalization of bacteria into human cells d ...
t-SNARE Phosphorylation Regulates Endocytosis in Yeast
... mulation of secretory vesicles, in an inhibition in protein secretion, and in various conditional lethal phenotypes (Protopopov et al., 1993; David et al., 1998). Mutations in either of two genes that encode homologous ER-localized proteins (Vbm1,2/Elo2,3), which are involved in long-chain fatty aci ...
... mulation of secretory vesicles, in an inhibition in protein secretion, and in various conditional lethal phenotypes (Protopopov et al., 1993; David et al., 1998). Mutations in either of two genes that encode homologous ER-localized proteins (Vbm1,2/Elo2,3), which are involved in long-chain fatty aci ...
SirA enforces diploidy by inhibiting the replication
... 2002), and the reorganization of the replicated chromosomes into the axial filament (Ryter et al., 1966; BenYehuda et al., 2003). In addition, it turns on the genes encoding the first compartment-specific transcription factors and their regulators (Jonas et al., 1988; Schmidt et al., 1990). Here, we ...
... 2002), and the reorganization of the replicated chromosomes into the axial filament (Ryter et al., 1966; BenYehuda et al., 2003). In addition, it turns on the genes encoding the first compartment-specific transcription factors and their regulators (Jonas et al., 1988; Schmidt et al., 1990). Here, we ...
Chara Myosin and the Energy of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... molecule stops moving due to the glutaraldehyde fixation, it will disturb other myosin molecules following the same actin track. This small stack will affect the movement of myosin molecules on the next actin filament in the same cable. An intriguing question is why there are so many myosin molecule ...
... molecule stops moving due to the glutaraldehyde fixation, it will disturb other myosin molecules following the same actin track. This small stack will affect the movement of myosin molecules on the next actin filament in the same cable. An intriguing question is why there are so many myosin molecule ...
Differential Internalization of the Prostaglandin F2α Receptor
... 1997). These two isoforms are generated by alternative mRNA splicing that gives rise to differences in their intracellular carboxyl-terminal domain. Studies on these receptor isoforms have demonstrated that upon stimulation with PGF2␣ more than one signaling pathway can be activated. Thus, stimulati ...
... 1997). These two isoforms are generated by alternative mRNA splicing that gives rise to differences in their intracellular carboxyl-terminal domain. Studies on these receptor isoforms have demonstrated that upon stimulation with PGF2␣ more than one signaling pathway can be activated. Thus, stimulati ...
Death of developing neurons: New insights and implications for
... now help to understand why only some developing neurons selectively depend on NGF. They also indicate that the survival of most neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is not simply regulated by single growth factors like in the PNS. Additionally, components of the cell death machinery have begu ...
... now help to understand why only some developing neurons selectively depend on NGF. They also indicate that the survival of most neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is not simply regulated by single growth factors like in the PNS. Additionally, components of the cell death machinery have begu ...
Multicellular trichomes in Arabidopsis - Development
... and co-workers (Hemerly et al., 1995) introduced a dominantnegative mutant of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase gene into transgenic tobacco plants, which resulted in plants with essentially normal morphology, but fewer and larger cells. In another study, overexpression of a mitotic B-cyclin in Arab ...
... and co-workers (Hemerly et al., 1995) introduced a dominantnegative mutant of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase gene into transgenic tobacco plants, which resulted in plants with essentially normal morphology, but fewer and larger cells. In another study, overexpression of a mitotic B-cyclin in Arab ...
Document
... one of which is rapamycin sensitive, have distinct roles in cell growth control. Mol Cell. 2002 Sep;10(3):457-68. Ashe MP, De Long SK, Sachs AB. Glucose depletion rapidly inhibits translation initiation in yeast. Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Mar;11(3):83348. Crespo JL, Powers T, Fowler B, Hall MN. The TOR-co ...
... one of which is rapamycin sensitive, have distinct roles in cell growth control. Mol Cell. 2002 Sep;10(3):457-68. Ashe MP, De Long SK, Sachs AB. Glucose depletion rapidly inhibits translation initiation in yeast. Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Mar;11(3):83348. Crespo JL, Powers T, Fowler B, Hall MN. The TOR-co ...
FOXP3: Of Mice and Men
... large family of transcriptional regulators named after the founding member, which was found to be the gene responsible for the forkhead mutation in Drosophila. All members of the family have a closely conserved motif, known as a forkhead box, or Fox, that is involved in DNA binding. The family is fu ...
... large family of transcriptional regulators named after the founding member, which was found to be the gene responsible for the forkhead mutation in Drosophila. All members of the family have a closely conserved motif, known as a forkhead box, or Fox, that is involved in DNA binding. The family is fu ...
Dependence of an Adenosine-Activated Potassium Current on a
... it remainsunclear what cytoplasmic components are required for adenosinereceptor binding to be transduced into an electrophysiological response. One approach to this kind of problem is to try to mimic receptor activation by addingto the extracellular medium agents that stimulate or inhibit secondmes ...
... it remainsunclear what cytoplasmic components are required for adenosinereceptor binding to be transduced into an electrophysiological response. One approach to this kind of problem is to try to mimic receptor activation by addingto the extracellular medium agents that stimulate or inhibit secondmes ...
Multiple Wnts and Frizzled Receptors Regulate Anteriorly Directed
... these, EGL-20, functions as a repellent. We show that the MIG-1 Frizzled receptor acts in the neurons and growth cones to promote their migrations and provide genetic evidence that the Frizzleds MIG-1 and MOM-5 mediate the repulsive effects of EGL-20. While these receptors mediate the effects of EGL ...
... these, EGL-20, functions as a repellent. We show that the MIG-1 Frizzled receptor acts in the neurons and growth cones to promote their migrations and provide genetic evidence that the Frizzleds MIG-1 and MOM-5 mediate the repulsive effects of EGL-20. While these receptors mediate the effects of EGL ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.