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Mechanism of Uptake and Retrograde Axonal Transport of
Mechanism of Uptake and Retrograde Axonal Transport of

... was taken up by the desmethylimipramine- and cocaine-sensitive neuronal amine uptake mechanisms, and a substantial part was rapidly transported retrogradely along the axons to the nerve cell bodies. This transport was blocked by vinblastine or colchicine. In contrast with the storage of [3H]NA in th ...
Ezrin: a protein requiring conformational activation to link
Ezrin: a protein requiring conformational activation to link

... A general theme that applies not only to ezrin, but to all ERM proteins, is their presence in the apical domain of polarized cells, a region usually characterized by the presence of microvilli. Although ERM proteins can have overlapping distributions in certain epithelial cell types, such as the pre ...
TBX5 is required for embryonic cardiac cell cycle - UNC
TBX5 is required for embryonic cardiac cell cycle - UNC

... distinct periods of proliferation: one that occurs during early embryogenesis and a second that takes place immediately following birth (MacLellan and Schneider, 2000; Olson and Schneider, 2003; Pasumarthi and Field, 2002). The embryonic phase of cardiac proliferation begins after cardiac cell commi ...
Chloroplasts in living cells and the string-of
Chloroplasts in living cells and the string-of

... Gunning. CLSM observations were made of chloroplasts in leaf cells that had first been determined by phase or bright field microscopy to be in the living condition, as evidenced by vigorous cytoplasmic streaming. These observations confirmed the widespread occurrence of strings of grana in all the s ...
Role of Hoxa-2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning
Role of Hoxa-2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning

... et al., 1993, Köntges and Lumsden, 1996). The hindbrain neural crest cells migrate ventrally in three distinct streams at the axial levels of rhombomeres 2, 4 and 6, and give rise to cranial sensory ganglia and mesenchyme that will populate the three branchial arches and contribute to the formation ...
The engrailed homeobox genes are required in multiple cell
The engrailed homeobox genes are required in multiple cell

... the cerebellum are poorly understood. Development of the cerebellum begins with the specification of the cerebellar anlage from dorsal rhombomere 1 (r1), and in the mouse, this process begins at embryonic day 8.5 (e8.5) (Wingate and Hatten, 1999; Zervas et al., 2004). The cerebellum is unique in the ...
Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol
Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol

... of synthesis and accumulation of SDG at a cellular level are presented here. Knowledge of cell-type specific localization of metabolites in seed coats would shed light on the putative ecological function of lignans, especially of the SDG oligomer complex, in defending the seeds against pathogens and ...
COMPLEMENTATION AND PRELIMINARY
COMPLEMENTATION AND PRELIMINARY

... Preliminary tetrad analysis has provided no evidence for physical clustering as a mechanism for coordinated expression of these maturation genes. A brief and VANWINKLE-SWIFT abstract of this work has been published (BURRASCANO ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system

... In Chapter 3 of this thesis, we show that vacuole modification plays a crucial role in the development of infected cells. The maintenance of symbiosomes requires a major adjustment of the pathway controlling vacuole formation as well as tonoplasttargeted trafficking. We show that the expression of V ...
Free Article - Crop Functional Genomics
Free Article - Crop Functional Genomics

... breeding and enable an estimated 70% increase in crop production until 2050 to feed the growing world population (Tester and Langridge, 2010). When plants experience drought conditions, their growth is inhibited. Root development is less sensitive to water deficit than shoot development or leaf grow ...
Bacterial chromosome segregation
Bacterial chromosome segregation

... defined time in the cell cycle and at the single, defined site on the chromosome, the replication origin oriC. The oriC region usually contains binding sites for the initiator protein DnaA (DnaA boxes) and repeats of an AT-rich sequence (13-mers) (reviewed by Thomas & Jagura-Burdzy, 1991). The chrom ...
Hairy Root Transformation Using Agrobacterium
Hairy Root Transformation Using Agrobacterium

... tomato (Solanum spp.) roots, which were then screened for resistance to fumonisin 1 (Harvey et al., 2008). In addition, A. rhizogenes-transformed tomato roots expressing the baculovirus p35 gene were used to demonstrate the existence in plants of proteases with substrate site specificity that is func ...
Functional Analysis of Class 1 RSL Genes in Caulonema and
Functional Analysis of Class 1 RSL Genes in Caulonema and

... similar to those of leaf cells in ultrastructure, suggesting that the main function of chloronema cells in protonema development is photosynthetic assimilation (Tewinckel and Volkmann, 1987; Duckett et al., 1998). Chloronemal filaments grow at their tips by new chloronema cells being added by apical ...
Plant Wnt: deciphering a novel signalling pathway
Plant Wnt: deciphering a novel signalling pathway

... processes. Wnt gene was first reported as int-1 gene by Nusse and Varmus1 in mouse genome while working with an oncogenic retrovirus known as mouse mammary tumour virus. Later, a homolog of int-1 was identified in Drosophila as Wingless gene (wg), both of which encoded for similar glycoproteins2 and ...
Extensive tissue-specific transcriptomic plasticity in maize primary
Extensive tissue-specific transcriptomic plasticity in maize primary

... breeding and enable an estimated 70% increase in crop production until 2050 to feed the growing world population (Tester and Langridge, 2010). When plants experience drought conditions, their growth is inhibited. Root development is less sensitive to water deficit than shoot development or leaf grow ...
The TNF-family cytokine TL1A drives IL-13
The TNF-family cytokine TL1A drives IL-13

... inflammation as well. These results establish a novel link between TL1A and interleukin 13 (IL-13) responses that results in small intestinal inflammation, and also establish that TL1A–DR3 interactions are necessary and sufficient for T cell-dependent IBD. ...
COMMUNICATION Two categories of mammalian galactose
COMMUNICATION Two categories of mammalian galactose

... full extent of their ligand-binding selectivity is only evident when larger oligosaccharide ligands are tested. The array provides an efficient way to make such comparisons. The major outcome of these studies is the demonstration that the galactose-binding receptors can be divided into two groups ba ...
PDF - BMC Biotechnology
PDF - BMC Biotechnology

... in lignocellulosic material appear to decrease the specific sugar uptake rate and the specific ethanol production rate [21,5], both of which are highly correlated with ATP production. Adenine nucleotides also participate in numerous intracellular reactions, and their intracellular concentrations may ...
Extensive tissue-specific transcriptomic plasticity in maize primary
Extensive tissue-specific transcriptomic plasticity in maize primary

... For a given threshold T, the posterior distribution for gene g, tissue t, and condition c was used to find Pgtc(T), which is the posterior probability that the fixed effect for gene g, tissue t, and condition c was larger than T. Gene g was called ‘active’ for tissue t and condition c if Pgtc(T) >0. ...
Organ-Level Quorum Sensing Directs Regeneration in Hair Stem
Organ-Level Quorum Sensing Directs Regeneration in Hair Stem

... as the inter-follicular distance in mouse skin. In contrast, as we show in the next section, the decay length of the putative distressor induced by plucking appears to be substantially larger—on the order of 1 mm, or four to six inter-follicular distances. Estimating the Range of Action of the Quoru ...
Expression and immunogenicity of the entire human T cell
Expression and immunogenicity of the entire human T cell

... 1990) and homogenized in a glass homogenizer in the presence of DNase I (1 mg/ml) (Boehringer Mannheim). The suspension was centrifuged for 20 rain at 10000 g. Pellets were sonicated in TD buffer and incubated as described (Nyunoya et al., 1990). Future use of the pellets decided the further process ...
Immunology of tuberculosis Review Article Alamelu Raja
Immunology of tuberculosis Review Article Alamelu Raja

... has provided new insight into the link between innate and adaptive immunity. Medzhitov et al55 showed that a human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. The interactions between M. tuberculosis and TLRs are complex and it appears that distinct mycobacteria ...
Immunology of tuberculosis
Immunology of tuberculosis

... has provided new insight into the link between innate and adaptive immunity. Medzhitov et al55 showed that a human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. The interactions between M. tuberculosis and TLRs are complex and it appears that distinct mycobacteria ...
Mechanism of Phage-induced Lysis in Pneumococci
Mechanism of Phage-induced Lysis in Pneumococci

... residual amounts of thermolabile autolysin which may have become further stabilized and/or activated by some phage product. In order to distinguish between those possibilities, further physiological experiments were performed in the Dp-1-infected cwl mutant. The data shown in Fig. 1 clearly indicate ...
The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and
The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and

... restructuring and muscle growth (Fig. 2). Collectively, these studies offer an alternative function for the proteasome, for what otherwise has been largely considered to be a conveyor of muscle wasting and pathology. ...
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Cellular differentiation



In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
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