FOXP3: Of Mice and Men
... large family of transcriptional regulators named after the founding member, which was found to be the gene responsible for the forkhead mutation in Drosophila. All members of the family have a closely conserved motif, known as a forkhead box, or Fox, that is involved in DNA binding. The family is fu ...
... large family of transcriptional regulators named after the founding member, which was found to be the gene responsible for the forkhead mutation in Drosophila. All members of the family have a closely conserved motif, known as a forkhead box, or Fox, that is involved in DNA binding. The family is fu ...
HSP101 functions as a specific translational
... function remained unaffected. This is the first identification of a protein required for specific translational enhancement of capped mRNAs, the first report of a translational regulatory function for any heat-shock protein, and the first functional distinction between the two eIF4G proteins present ...
... function remained unaffected. This is the first identification of a protein required for specific translational enhancement of capped mRNAs, the first report of a translational regulatory function for any heat-shock protein, and the first functional distinction between the two eIF4G proteins present ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... 1995). FCs are born from the asymmetric division of progenitor cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression ...
... 1995). FCs are born from the asymmetric division of progenitor cells (PCs) specified at precise positions and times within the somatic mesoderm. Detailed characterization of a few somatic muscle lineages has established that muscle identity (specific shape, size, orientation) reflects the expression ...
Chapter 4 - A Tour of the Cell 08-09
... • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
WOX11 and 12 Are Involved in the First-Step Cell
... Previously, it was thought that callus was a group of dedifferentiated cells, but recent research has revealed that it is a group of root meristem tip cells and that the formation of callus and lateral roots is very similar (Sugimoto et al., 2010). The fact that callus formation resembles root forma ...
... Previously, it was thought that callus was a group of dedifferentiated cells, but recent research has revealed that it is a group of root meristem tip cells and that the formation of callus and lateral roots is very similar (Sugimoto et al., 2010). The fact that callus formation resembles root forma ...
The cell biology of lignification in higher plants
... Background Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall of specialized plant cell types. Lignification is part of the normal differentiation programme and functioning of specific cell types, but can also be triggered as a response to various biotic and abiotic st ...
... Background Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall of specialized plant cell types. Lignification is part of the normal differentiation programme and functioning of specific cell types, but can also be triggered as a response to various biotic and abiotic st ...
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... adult muscles. Prominent among these is the process that generates the dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles (DLMs), a set of twelve large muscles housed within the adult fly thorax. In this case, a population of adult myoblasts positioned on the imaginal wing disc detach from the epithelium a ...
... adult muscles. Prominent among these is the process that generates the dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles (DLMs), a set of twelve large muscles housed within the adult fly thorax. In this case, a population of adult myoblasts positioned on the imaginal wing disc detach from the epithelium a ...
Changes in the Nuclear Envelope Environment Affect
... Hetzer and Wente 2009). For both the SPB and nuclear pore complexes, the inner and outer nuclear membranes must fuse to allow insertion into the nuclear envelope. Yeast and vertebrate nuclear pore complexes each have four pore membrane (POM) nucleoporins containing transmembrane domains. Other nucle ...
... Hetzer and Wente 2009). For both the SPB and nuclear pore complexes, the inner and outer nuclear membranes must fuse to allow insertion into the nuclear envelope. Yeast and vertebrate nuclear pore complexes each have four pore membrane (POM) nucleoporins containing transmembrane domains. Other nucle ...
tr-kit promotes the formation of a multimolecular complex composed
... carboxyl-terminal domain and it is the main substrate for Src-like kinases in mitosis (Taylor and Shalloway, 1994); it has been demonstrated that the interaction with the SH3 domain of Fyn is necessary for Fyn-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Sam68 (Shen et al., 1999). Once phosphorylated in th ...
... carboxyl-terminal domain and it is the main substrate for Src-like kinases in mitosis (Taylor and Shalloway, 1994); it has been demonstrated that the interaction with the SH3 domain of Fyn is necessary for Fyn-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Sam68 (Shen et al., 1999). Once phosphorylated in th ...
Reverse engineering of drug induced DNA damage response
... cycle arrest and apoptosis. This pathway consists of an intricate network of signalling interactions driving the cellular ability to recognise DNA damage and recruit specialised proteins to take decisions between DNA repair or apoptosis. ATM and ATR are central components of the DDR pathway. The act ...
... cycle arrest and apoptosis. This pathway consists of an intricate network of signalling interactions driving the cellular ability to recognise DNA damage and recruit specialised proteins to take decisions between DNA repair or apoptosis. ATM and ATR are central components of the DDR pathway. The act ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction
... parasitica penetrated host cortical cells in nonmycorrhizal parts of the mycorrhizal root system. In these cases, the invaded cell reacted locally by depositing a encasement layer (Figs. 2D and E; 5C; 6D and E) around the penetrating hypha, which was never observed to develop further inside these ce ...
... parasitica penetrated host cortical cells in nonmycorrhizal parts of the mycorrhizal root system. In these cases, the invaded cell reacted locally by depositing a encasement layer (Figs. 2D and E; 5C; 6D and E) around the penetrating hypha, which was never observed to develop further inside these ce ...
Gene Section KSR1 (kinase suppressor of ras 1)
... KNO3, KRT24, KSR1, LGALS9, LYZL6, MIR144, MIR451 (NCBI). ...
... KNO3, KRT24, KSR1, LGALS9, LYZL6, MIR144, MIR451 (NCBI). ...
S. cerevisiae Mitotic Exit Activator
... be active (Morgan, 1997). The expression of each cyclin subunit is confined to a small window during the cell cycle via transcriptional regulation and regulated protein degradation. The association of different cyclin subunits with the CDK subunit (Cdc28 in budding yeast) allows the phosphorylation ...
... be active (Morgan, 1997). The expression of each cyclin subunit is confined to a small window during the cell cycle via transcriptional regulation and regulated protein degradation. The association of different cyclin subunits with the CDK subunit (Cdc28 in budding yeast) allows the phosphorylation ...
Protein Synthesis within Dendrites: Glycosylation
... Martone et al., 1993), but whether these cisterns are components of the RER and the GA is not known. There also is immunocytochemical evidence that RER proteins and GA markers are present in the dendrites of some cell types (De Camilli et al., 1986; Takei et al., 1992; Villa et al., 1992; Lowenstein ...
... Martone et al., 1993), but whether these cisterns are components of the RER and the GA is not known. There also is immunocytochemical evidence that RER proteins and GA markers are present in the dendrites of some cell types (De Camilli et al., 1986; Takei et al., 1992; Villa et al., 1992; Lowenstein ...
the sting bulb gland in myrmecia and nothomyrmecia
... them (Fig. 6). The gland also occurs in the sting of the queen of Myrmeciapilosula that I had available for examination, although the incomplete section series did not allow me to estimate its development relative to the situation in workers. The secretory cells have a rounded to polygonal appearanc ...
... them (Fig. 6). The gland also occurs in the sting of the queen of Myrmeciapilosula that I had available for examination, although the incomplete section series did not allow me to estimate its development relative to the situation in workers. The secretory cells have a rounded to polygonal appearanc ...
Cells To Tolerate Higher Expression of Bim T+ Bcl
... As acute infections resolve, most effector CD8+ T cells die, whereas some persist and become memory T cells. Recent work showed that subsets of effector CD8+ T cells, identified by reciprocal expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127, have different lifespans. Similar to pr ...
... As acute infections resolve, most effector CD8+ T cells die, whereas some persist and become memory T cells. Recent work showed that subsets of effector CD8+ T cells, identified by reciprocal expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127, have different lifespans. Similar to pr ...
Gene expression profiling identifies genes associated
... signaling pathway and the IFG-γ signaling pathway were the top two biological pathways associated with the differentially expressed genes. Figure 1 shows genes that were up- or downregulated in these two pathways in our training dataset. Table 1 lists the 131 probe sets differentially expressed betw ...
... signaling pathway and the IFG-γ signaling pathway were the top two biological pathways associated with the differentially expressed genes. Figure 1 shows genes that were up- or downregulated in these two pathways in our training dataset. Table 1 lists the 131 probe sets differentially expressed betw ...
Cross-Presentation Proteases in MHC Class I Presentation and
... the proteasome and its connection to Ag presentation has been well described elsewhere, we will cover this subject in this paper relatively briefly and provide readers with references to representatives and/or recent papers and reviews. The proteasome is a large barrel-shaped particle present in the ...
... the proteasome and its connection to Ag presentation has been well described elsewhere, we will cover this subject in this paper relatively briefly and provide readers with references to representatives and/or recent papers and reviews. The proteasome is a large barrel-shaped particle present in the ...
Eph/ephrin signaling maintains the boundary of
... DFCs do not involute, and instead they always stay together at the leading edge of the dorsal blastodermal margin and move as a collective mass towards the vegetal pole during gastrulation (Cooper and D’Amico, 1996; D’Amico and Cooper, 1997). An amazing phenomenon is that DFCs and their neighboring ...
... DFCs do not involute, and instead they always stay together at the leading edge of the dorsal blastodermal margin and move as a collective mass towards the vegetal pole during gastrulation (Cooper and D’Amico, 1996; D’Amico and Cooper, 1997). An amazing phenomenon is that DFCs and their neighboring ...
Phalloidin
... CF™ dyes are a series of next-generation fluorescent dyes developed at Biotium to have combined advantages in brightness, photostability, and water solubility compared to other fluorescent dyes. Fluorescently labeled phalloidins stain F-actin at nanomolar concentrations (1-3). Labeled phalloidins ha ...
... CF™ dyes are a series of next-generation fluorescent dyes developed at Biotium to have combined advantages in brightness, photostability, and water solubility compared to other fluorescent dyes. Fluorescently labeled phalloidins stain F-actin at nanomolar concentrations (1-3). Labeled phalloidins ha ...
Levels of Ycg1 Limit Condensin Function during the Cell Cycle
... Ycg1 protein and transcript levels are cell cycle-regulated Although the budding yeast condensin complex associates with chromatin throughout the cell cycle [6,7,15,17], its activity increases substantially during mitosis. Previous reports have shown that this change in activity is due in part to in ...
... Ycg1 protein and transcript levels are cell cycle-regulated Although the budding yeast condensin complex associates with chromatin throughout the cell cycle [6,7,15,17], its activity increases substantially during mitosis. Previous reports have shown that this change in activity is due in part to in ...
Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk
... the transcription of the cytokinin-regulated genes, including the type-A ARRs (cytokinin response ON). Phosphorylated type-A ARRs activate negative regulation of cytokinin signalling through as yet unknown mechanisms (cytokinin response OFF) [14]. Auxin (blue molecules) can freely diffuse across the ...
... the transcription of the cytokinin-regulated genes, including the type-A ARRs (cytokinin response ON). Phosphorylated type-A ARRs activate negative regulation of cytokinin signalling through as yet unknown mechanisms (cytokinin response OFF) [14]. Auxin (blue molecules) can freely diffuse across the ...
On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions
... 3.8 Gyr, because carbon isotope data provide evidence for biological CO2 fixation in sedimentary rocks of that age (Mojzsis et al. 1996; Rosing 1999; Nisbet & Sleep 2001; Ueno et al. 2002). By 3.5 Gyr, stromatolites were present, preserved microbial mats indicative of deposition by photosynthetic pr ...
... 3.8 Gyr, because carbon isotope data provide evidence for biological CO2 fixation in sedimentary rocks of that age (Mojzsis et al. 1996; Rosing 1999; Nisbet & Sleep 2001; Ueno et al. 2002). By 3.5 Gyr, stromatolites were present, preserved microbial mats indicative of deposition by photosynthetic pr ...
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... X receptors (RXR, RXR and RXR) to regulate the transcription of target genes (Kastner et al., 1995; Mangelsdorf and Evans, 1995; Niederreither and Dolle, 2008). Binding of a retinoid ligand to one of the RXRs appears to be unnecessary for RA signaling (Mic et al., 2003; Calleja et al., 2006), and ...
... X receptors (RXR, RXR and RXR) to regulate the transcription of target genes (Kastner et al., 1995; Mangelsdorf and Evans, 1995; Niederreither and Dolle, 2008). Binding of a retinoid ligand to one of the RXRs appears to be unnecessary for RA signaling (Mic et al., 2003; Calleja et al., 2006), and ...
Inside A Cell
... • The cell membrane is the thin layer around the cell that holds organelles in place. • Cell membranes are semi-permeable, meaning that only certain particles are allowed to pass through them. • The cell membrane is the gatekeeper of the cell. • Lipids are organic compounds like fats and waxes that ...
... • The cell membrane is the thin layer around the cell that holds organelles in place. • Cell membranes are semi-permeable, meaning that only certain particles are allowed to pass through them. • The cell membrane is the gatekeeper of the cell. • Lipids are organic compounds like fats and waxes that ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.