
Mediation of Clathrin-Dependent Trafficking during
... In plants, cytokinesis is mediated by the de novo assembly of the cell plate (CP) that forms a new cell wall (CW) and plasma membrane (PM). Beginning in late anaphase, secretory vesicles deliver lipids, proteins, and CW materials to the division plane and then fuse to initiate CP construction. Conti ...
... In plants, cytokinesis is mediated by the de novo assembly of the cell plate (CP) that forms a new cell wall (CW) and plasma membrane (PM). Beginning in late anaphase, secretory vesicles deliver lipids, proteins, and CW materials to the division plane and then fuse to initiate CP construction. Conti ...
Activators of the farnesoid X receptor negatively regulate androgen
... ive reduced metabolites ADT and 3α-DIOL; however, since these metabolic reactions can be reversed, complete androgen inactivation is only ensured through glucuronidation [2]. The importance of glucuronidation for androgen metabolism in the human prostate has further been emphasized by the observatio ...
... ive reduced metabolites ADT and 3α-DIOL; however, since these metabolic reactions can be reversed, complete androgen inactivation is only ensured through glucuronidation [2]. The importance of glucuronidation for androgen metabolism in the human prostate has further been emphasized by the observatio ...
MYB46 Modulates Disease Susceptibility to
... The plant cell wall is also considered a preformed barrier to pathogen infection (Vorwerk et al., 2004; Hückelhoven, 2007). The failure of pathogenic microorganisms, notably fungal pathogens, to breach plant cell walls constitutes a major component of immunity for nonhost plant species (i.e. specie ...
... The plant cell wall is also considered a preformed barrier to pathogen infection (Vorwerk et al., 2004; Hückelhoven, 2007). The failure of pathogenic microorganisms, notably fungal pathogens, to breach plant cell walls constitutes a major component of immunity for nonhost plant species (i.e. specie ...
Demonstrating polymorphic miRNA-mediated gene
... muscularity caused by perturbed miRNA-mediated gene regulation of the MSTN gene. Yet, one could argue that the accumulated evidence did not formally prove our hypothesis; hence, having to qualify the target site as ‘‘potential’’ in the title (Clop et al. 2006). To provide conclusive evidence in supp ...
... muscularity caused by perturbed miRNA-mediated gene regulation of the MSTN gene. Yet, one could argue that the accumulated evidence did not formally prove our hypothesis; hence, having to qualify the target site as ‘‘potential’’ in the title (Clop et al. 2006). To provide conclusive evidence in supp ...
Engagement of the inhibitory receptor CD158a
... documented spontaneous regressions reported and in light of the clinical responses obtained in some patients treated with cytokines. Although RCC are infiltrated by numerous T cells confirming that the immune system may control the growth of these tumors, this tumor model is also characterized by th ...
... documented spontaneous regressions reported and in light of the clinical responses obtained in some patients treated with cytokines. Although RCC are infiltrated by numerous T cells confirming that the immune system may control the growth of these tumors, this tumor model is also characterized by th ...
Cytoplasmic streaming enables the distribution of molecules
... physiological consequences of streaming fall naturally into the two categories of intra- and intercellular roles. These potential roles are easily seen using as a model the alga, Chara corallina, which has historically been among the organisms of choice for studies of cytoplasmic streaming due to it ...
... physiological consequences of streaming fall naturally into the two categories of intra- and intercellular roles. These potential roles are easily seen using as a model the alga, Chara corallina, which has historically been among the organisms of choice for studies of cytoplasmic streaming due to it ...
Biologie des ARN/RNA Biology
... The C-terminal Domain (CTD) of RPB1 of eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II: -Contains heptapeptide repeats of the YSPTSPS sequence (26x in yeast, 52x in humans) that are phosphorylated on Sérine, Thréonine et Tyrosine residues. -CTD phosphorylation is dynamic during transcription and different phosphorylat ...
... The C-terminal Domain (CTD) of RPB1 of eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II: -Contains heptapeptide repeats of the YSPTSPS sequence (26x in yeast, 52x in humans) that are phosphorylated on Sérine, Thréonine et Tyrosine residues. -CTD phosphorylation is dynamic during transcription and different phosphorylat ...
Inducibility and Expression of Microvascular
... ELAM-l (0.5% ± 0.5% of vessels) or VCAM-l (0.7% ± 0.7% of vessels) molecules, consistent with previous reports [15,21]. The percentage of CD36+ vessel cross-sections within the SVP ranged from 15% to 25%, which is identical to that seen in normal nonpsoriatic skin specimens [15]. CD36 molecule expre ...
... ELAM-l (0.5% ± 0.5% of vessels) or VCAM-l (0.7% ± 0.7% of vessels) molecules, consistent with previous reports [15,21]. The percentage of CD36+ vessel cross-sections within the SVP ranged from 15% to 25%, which is identical to that seen in normal nonpsoriatic skin specimens [15]. CD36 molecule expre ...
Cytoplasmic streaming enables the distribution of molecules
... physiological consequences of streaming fall naturally into the two categories of intra- and intercellular roles. These potential roles are easily seen using as a model the alga, Chara corallina, which has historically been among the organisms of choice for studies of cytoplasmic streaming due to it ...
... physiological consequences of streaming fall naturally into the two categories of intra- and intercellular roles. These potential roles are easily seen using as a model the alga, Chara corallina, which has historically been among the organisms of choice for studies of cytoplasmic streaming due to it ...
Cell Fate Specification in the C. elegans Embryo
... and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from the zygote by mitosis, cells must acquire differences in gene expression over ...
... and tissues. When a cell has been specified for a particular fate, it is capable of generating those tissues if cultured away from the remainder of the embryo (Wolpert et al., 2007). As all embryonic cells are derived from the zygote by mitosis, cells must acquire differences in gene expression over ...
plant cell biology in the new millennium: new tools and new
... Confocal microscopy—Confocal microscopy is proving to be one of the most exciting advances in optical microscopy of the last century. Although conventional wide-field epifluorescence microscopy has been a powerful tool for locating specific molecular components of the cell, it suffers from the probl ...
... Confocal microscopy—Confocal microscopy is proving to be one of the most exciting advances in optical microscopy of the last century. Although conventional wide-field epifluorescence microscopy has been a powerful tool for locating specific molecular components of the cell, it suffers from the probl ...
Detection of Apoptosis in Paraffin Embedded Tissues: the Influence
... With increasing importance of apoptosis, many assays have been developed to detect apoptosis in cell populations and individual cells. Apoptotic cells are often proved using TUNEL assay based on detection of DNA strand breaks that occur during apoptosis. The method enables quantification of apoptoti ...
... With increasing importance of apoptosis, many assays have been developed to detect apoptosis in cell populations and individual cells. Apoptotic cells are often proved using TUNEL assay based on detection of DNA strand breaks that occur during apoptosis. The method enables quantification of apoptoti ...
studies on the intracellular digestive process in mammalian tissue
... markers which permitted the demonstration of the evolution of digestive vacuoles to multivesicular bodies and finally to dense bodies. Acid phosphatase and esterolytic activity was present in these structures. The hydrolytic enzymes were apparently brought to the phagocytotic vacuoles in small vesic ...
... markers which permitted the demonstration of the evolution of digestive vacuoles to multivesicular bodies and finally to dense bodies. Acid phosphatase and esterolytic activity was present in these structures. The hydrolytic enzymes were apparently brought to the phagocytotic vacuoles in small vesic ...
In vitro–expanded human CD4 CD25 T-regulatory
... with anti-CD3 mAb or DCs. However, they can proliferate when given these stimuli plus IL-2 or IL-15, albeit to a much lower extent than CD4⫹CD25⫺ T cells.32,33 For our initial experiments, purified CD4⫹CD25⫹ cells were expanded with immobilized anti-CD3 plus IL-2, which allowed for a 5- to 10-fold e ...
... with anti-CD3 mAb or DCs. However, they can proliferate when given these stimuli plus IL-2 or IL-15, albeit to a much lower extent than CD4⫹CD25⫺ T cells.32,33 For our initial experiments, purified CD4⫹CD25⫹ cells were expanded with immobilized anti-CD3 plus IL-2, which allowed for a 5- to 10-fold e ...
Optical measurement of cell membrane tension
... value for the bending modulus obtained from the fit is κ = ( 0.7 ± 0.12 ) × 10−20 J and the tension coefficient was σ = ( 3.5 ± 0.6 ) × 10−7 J/m2. These values agree very well with what was measured on vesicles using pipette aspiration 26. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged for 10 minutes ...
... value for the bending modulus obtained from the fit is κ = ( 0.7 ± 0.12 ) × 10−20 J and the tension coefficient was σ = ( 3.5 ± 0.6 ) × 10−7 J/m2. These values agree very well with what was measured on vesicles using pipette aspiration 26. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged for 10 minutes ...
autophagy - Botanik in Bonn
... regulated catabolic processes, all of which deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation In animals and yeasts, autophagy is often divided into three main types: Chaperone-mediated autophagy, Microautophagy, Macroautophagy. ...
... regulated catabolic processes, all of which deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation In animals and yeasts, autophagy is often divided into three main types: Chaperone-mediated autophagy, Microautophagy, Macroautophagy. ...
From segment to somite: Segmentation to
... are undetermined with respect to their developmental pathway. At the level of the determination front (depicted by the posterior-most dotted presumptive segment), the interaction of the clock and gradient specifies the chemical prepattern. Cells of the PSM that lie anterior to the determination front ...
... are undetermined with respect to their developmental pathway. At the level of the determination front (depicted by the posterior-most dotted presumptive segment), the interaction of the clock and gradient specifies the chemical prepattern. Cells of the PSM that lie anterior to the determination front ...
Print - Circulation Research
... stage 11 was recently shown.43 Heparan sulfate synthesis was not detected in these studies which used hearts that did not yet have endocardial cushions. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis during the remainder of cardiogenesis is poorly characterized. Hyaluronate synthesis was detected in 4-day-old hearts l ...
... stage 11 was recently shown.43 Heparan sulfate synthesis was not detected in these studies which used hearts that did not yet have endocardial cushions. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis during the remainder of cardiogenesis is poorly characterized. Hyaluronate synthesis was detected in 4-day-old hearts l ...
Central energy metabolism remains robust in acute
... cannot be answered immediately and requires detailed quantitative analyses, as presented in this study. Our findings indicate that the central energy metabolism is not significantly affected under high FFA load in acute steatotic hepatocytes. The specific and significant adaptations observed in tho ...
... cannot be answered immediately and requires detailed quantitative analyses, as presented in this study. Our findings indicate that the central energy metabolism is not significantly affected under high FFA load in acute steatotic hepatocytes. The specific and significant adaptations observed in tho ...
New Views on the Plant Cytoskeleton
... (G.O.W.); and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of ...
... (G.O.W.); and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of ...
Early Cell Cycle Entry and Cell Division Murine Neonatal
... RAG2⫺/⫺ hosts (Fig. 2, right column). Together, these results indicate that faster kinetics of proliferation is a universal phenomenon among neonatal T cell populations—it occurs both in vivo and in vitro, it occurs in several strains of mice, and it occurs whether stimulation is through the CD3/TCR ...
... RAG2⫺/⫺ hosts (Fig. 2, right column). Together, these results indicate that faster kinetics of proliferation is a universal phenomenon among neonatal T cell populations—it occurs both in vivo and in vitro, it occurs in several strains of mice, and it occurs whether stimulation is through the CD3/TCR ...
International Society for Microbial Ecology
... Environmental Sciences Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ...
... Environmental Sciences Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ...
Everything you wanted to know about small RNA but were afraid to ask
... protein-coding genes, while others reside apart from known genes, or in the exons of untranslated genes.28 Control of pri-miRNA synthesis is incompletely understood, but some of the same transcription factors that regulate protein-coding genes can apparently also regulate pri-miRNAs.29 Within the pr ...
... protein-coding genes, while others reside apart from known genes, or in the exons of untranslated genes.28 Control of pri-miRNA synthesis is incompletely understood, but some of the same transcription factors that regulate protein-coding genes can apparently also regulate pri-miRNAs.29 Within the pr ...
Non-pathogenic Rhizobium radiobacter F4 deploys plant
... Environmental Sciences Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ...
... Environmental Sciences Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ...
Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.