Mesoderm migration in the Xenopus gastrula
... expressed motile activities can be discerned on isolated cells. First, the globular cell body shows a constant kneading motion (Winklbauer and Selchow, 1992). Since actin microfilaments are concentrated at the cell membrane, we presume that HM cells possess a typical contractile cell cortex (A. Selc ...
... expressed motile activities can be discerned on isolated cells. First, the globular cell body shows a constant kneading motion (Winklbauer and Selchow, 1992). Since actin microfilaments are concentrated at the cell membrane, we presume that HM cells possess a typical contractile cell cortex (A. Selc ...
Genomic Tagging of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Activator
... process of covalent attachment of small, 76-amino acid, 8.5 kDa protein moieties called ubiquitin onto specific lysine residues of the target protein (17). Addition of only a couple of ubiquitin molecules can have an important role in signaling and post-translational modifications of some proteins; ...
... process of covalent attachment of small, 76-amino acid, 8.5 kDa protein moieties called ubiquitin onto specific lysine residues of the target protein (17). Addition of only a couple of ubiquitin molecules can have an important role in signaling and post-translational modifications of some proteins; ...
Determination and morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo
... experimental embryology. If egg fragments or blastomeres derived from eggs by cleavage are separated along the animal-vegetal axis, resulting in meridional fragments, the separated parts form embryos with more or less equal and complete representation of the major organ systems of the embryo, consis ...
... experimental embryology. If egg fragments or blastomeres derived from eggs by cleavage are separated along the animal-vegetal axis, resulting in meridional fragments, the separated parts form embryos with more or less equal and complete representation of the major organ systems of the embryo, consis ...
Expression of the papillomavirus E2 protein in HeLa cells leads to
... The papillomavirus E2 protein plays a central role in the viral life cycle as it regulates both transcription and replication of the viral genome. In this study, we showed that transient expression of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E2 proteins in HeLa cells acti ...
... The papillomavirus E2 protein plays a central role in the viral life cycle as it regulates both transcription and replication of the viral genome. In this study, we showed that transient expression of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) E2 proteins in HeLa cells acti ...
Tasquinimod Modulates Suppressive Myeloid Cells and Enhances
... However, in an orthotopic, metastatic prostate cancer model, tasquinimod reduced the rate of metastasis without affecting microvessel density in the primary tumor (18). Therefore, mechanisms other than impairing angiogenesis may play an important role in the antitumor and antimetastatic activities o ...
... However, in an orthotopic, metastatic prostate cancer model, tasquinimod reduced the rate of metastasis without affecting microvessel density in the primary tumor (18). Therefore, mechanisms other than impairing angiogenesis may play an important role in the antitumor and antimetastatic activities o ...
Observations upon the Growing Points in Normal and
... The association of the smaller redox-active granules with the cross-walls of Bacillus megaterium,and their absence from the non-septate filaments produced by growth in the presence of urethane is in accordance with the view that these are growing-points concerned with the development of the cross-wa ...
... The association of the smaller redox-active granules with the cross-walls of Bacillus megaterium,and their absence from the non-septate filaments produced by growth in the presence of urethane is in accordance with the view that these are growing-points concerned with the development of the cross-wa ...
TR Worksheets
... Movement of materials is by a mechanism known as ___________ ___________. The flow of materials in phloem is an ___________ process that requires energy. Another name for the mechanism by which it occurs is the ________________________ system that is driven by pressure gradients generated osmoticall ...
... Movement of materials is by a mechanism known as ___________ ___________. The flow of materials in phloem is an ___________ process that requires energy. Another name for the mechanism by which it occurs is the ________________________ system that is driven by pressure gradients generated osmoticall ...
Examination of the endosomal and lysosomal pathways in
... powered, in large part, by motor proteins. The association of the microtubule-based motors, cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin, with a variety of intracellular organelles has been well-documented, and these proteins are believed to provide organelles with a means of moving along polarized arrays of micr ...
... powered, in large part, by motor proteins. The association of the microtubule-based motors, cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin, with a variety of intracellular organelles has been well-documented, and these proteins are believed to provide organelles with a means of moving along polarized arrays of micr ...
Localization and characterization of major histocompatibility
... Purpose. To identify potential antigen-presenting cells in the choroid and retina of the normal rat eye, with a view to proposing a role for such cells in the induction and perpetuation of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, a model of human uveoretinal inflammation. Methods. Immunohistochcinical ...
... Purpose. To identify potential antigen-presenting cells in the choroid and retina of the normal rat eye, with a view to proposing a role for such cells in the induction and perpetuation of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, a model of human uveoretinal inflammation. Methods. Immunohistochcinical ...
Electron Microscopic Observations on the Excretion of Cell
... observations seem to rule out the possibility of any plasmolysis occurring during the preparation of the vibrios for electron microscopy. It is therefore suggested that the cell-wall changes described do represent a mechanism of excretion of cell-wall material by young cholera vibrios. Micro-anatomi ...
... observations seem to rule out the possibility of any plasmolysis occurring during the preparation of the vibrios for electron microscopy. It is therefore suggested that the cell-wall changes described do represent a mechanism of excretion of cell-wall material by young cholera vibrios. Micro-anatomi ...
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal
... the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2010; Zoncu et al., 2011a). To respond to amino acid levels, the Ragulator functionally interacts with lysosomal v-ATPase (Zoncu et al., 2011b) and forms a complex with HBXIP and C7orf59 to serve as a GEF for Rag GTPas ...
... the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2010; Zoncu et al., 2011a). To respond to amino acid levels, the Ragulator functionally interacts with lysosomal v-ATPase (Zoncu et al., 2011b) and forms a complex with HBXIP and C7orf59 to serve as a GEF for Rag GTPas ...
The Influence of the Host Cell on the Inhibition of Virus Protein
... Plaque assay of viruses. Both VSV and mengovirus were plaqued on L-929 cells. Appropriate Io-fold dilutions of the virus sample were made in PBS and o.2 ml was added per 6o mm plate of confluent cells in duplicate. Virus was adsorbed for 3o min at 36 °C with periodic agitation of the plates to ensur ...
... Plaque assay of viruses. Both VSV and mengovirus were plaqued on L-929 cells. Appropriate Io-fold dilutions of the virus sample were made in PBS and o.2 ml was added per 6o mm plate of confluent cells in duplicate. Virus was adsorbed for 3o min at 36 °C with periodic agitation of the plates to ensur ...
Nestin Is Required for the Proper SelfRenewal of Neural Stem Cells
... We used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking exon 1 of Nes, the gene encoding nestin (Fig. 1A, 1B). In homozygous embryos, the absence of normal Nes mRNA was demonstrated by Northern blot using a probe against exon 4 (Fig. 1C) and RT-PCR analysis (data not shown). The absence of nestin ...
... We used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking exon 1 of Nes, the gene encoding nestin (Fig. 1A, 1B). In homozygous embryos, the absence of normal Nes mRNA was demonstrated by Northern blot using a probe against exon 4 (Fig. 1C) and RT-PCR analysis (data not shown). The absence of nestin ...
Centrosomes as Scaffolds - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
... complete lack of centrosome localization of cell cycledependent kinases, such as PKA, Cdc2, and check-points such as p53 (Salisbury et al., 1999). ...
... complete lack of centrosome localization of cell cycledependent kinases, such as PKA, Cdc2, and check-points such as p53 (Salisbury et al., 1999). ...
Sperm entry is sufficient to trigger division of the
... estimated that 70% of sperm cells of cdka;1 pollen express HTR10 at levels lower than those of wild type (Table 1; Fig. 1F). We thus investigated whether the level of expression of another component of sperm cell chromatin was affected by cdka;1. We studied the expression of CENTROMERIC HISTONE 3 (C ...
... estimated that 70% of sperm cells of cdka;1 pollen express HTR10 at levels lower than those of wild type (Table 1; Fig. 1F). We thus investigated whether the level of expression of another component of sperm cell chromatin was affected by cdka;1. We studied the expression of CENTROMERIC HISTONE 3 (C ...
The integrin–actin connection, an eternal love affair
... Signalling pathways, which depend on localized integrin activation have also been reported. For example, at the leading edge of cells, integrin signalling dissociates complexes between GTP-bound Rho-GTPases and RhoGDI to release active Cdc42 and Rac1, resulting in membrane extension (Del Pozo et al. ...
... Signalling pathways, which depend on localized integrin activation have also been reported. For example, at the leading edge of cells, integrin signalling dissociates complexes between GTP-bound Rho-GTPases and RhoGDI to release active Cdc42 and Rac1, resulting in membrane extension (Del Pozo et al. ...
Peptide signalling during angiosperm seed
... sexualization of the central cell. This innovation, and associated reductions in energy wastage, may have provided a key evolutionary advantage to the angiosperms. Furthermore, by rendering both a maternal and a paternal genome necessary for endosperm development (and thus nutrient allocation), it h ...
... sexualization of the central cell. This innovation, and associated reductions in energy wastage, may have provided a key evolutionary advantage to the angiosperms. Furthermore, by rendering both a maternal and a paternal genome necessary for endosperm development (and thus nutrient allocation), it h ...
The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated
... with PPBs. The ton1 mutants are unable to form a PPB in A. thaliana (Azimzadeh et al., 2008). TON1 Recruiting Motif proteins (TRMs) have been recently shown to interact with TON1 in Arabidopsis. One of TRMs (TRM1) is found to bind and recruit TON1 to the cortical MTs (Drevensek et al., 2012). Recent ...
... with PPBs. The ton1 mutants are unable to form a PPB in A. thaliana (Azimzadeh et al., 2008). TON1 Recruiting Motif proteins (TRMs) have been recently shown to interact with TON1 in Arabidopsis. One of TRMs (TRM1) is found to bind and recruit TON1 to the cortical MTs (Drevensek et al., 2012). Recent ...
ECM and Drusen
... The process of degradation of the ECM by MMPs generates matrikines, some of which can provoke an inflammatory response (Davis et al. 2000; Egeblad and Werb 2002; Sorokin 2010; Iijima et al. 2011). This is supported by the observation that matrikines derived from collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, ...
... The process of degradation of the ECM by MMPs generates matrikines, some of which can provoke an inflammatory response (Davis et al. 2000; Egeblad and Werb 2002; Sorokin 2010; Iijima et al. 2011). This is supported by the observation that matrikines derived from collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, ...
Glucagon receptor recycling: role of carboxyl terminus - AJP-Cell
... receptor recycling: role of carboxyl terminus, -arrestins, and cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C1230–C1237, 2008. First published September 11, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00240.2008.—Glucagon receptor (GR) activity and expression are altered in several diseases, including Type 2 diabete ...
... receptor recycling: role of carboxyl terminus, -arrestins, and cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295: C1230–C1237, 2008. First published September 11, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00240.2008.—Glucagon receptor (GR) activity and expression are altered in several diseases, including Type 2 diabete ...
The proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme POH1 promotes the
... modifications, in particular by ubiquitin conjugation. The p53 binding protein (53BP1) acts to promote NHEJ in several contexts, inhibits HR, and is part of a mechanism that shields lesions arising in replication stress through mitosis and G1 (FitzGerald et al, 2009; Harrigan et al, 2011; Lukas et al ...
... modifications, in particular by ubiquitin conjugation. The p53 binding protein (53BP1) acts to promote NHEJ in several contexts, inhibits HR, and is part of a mechanism that shields lesions arising in replication stress through mitosis and G1 (FitzGerald et al, 2009; Harrigan et al, 2011; Lukas et al ...
Dynamics of small genetic circuits subject to stochastic partitioning
... conceivable that the noise in the process of partitioning of the products of gene expression affects the cell-to-cell diversity of behaviors of these motifs. Here, we study the effects of errors in partitioning on the behavior of two such motifs, the Toggle Switch (Gardner et al., 2000) and the Repr ...
... conceivable that the noise in the process of partitioning of the products of gene expression affects the cell-to-cell diversity of behaviors of these motifs. Here, we study the effects of errors in partitioning on the behavior of two such motifs, the Toggle Switch (Gardner et al., 2000) and the Repr ...
Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements
... zebrafish and Xenopus (Fig. 1E,G), during germ band extension in Drosophila (Fig. 1C,D), and during primitive streak morphogenesis before, and during, gastrulation in chicks (Lawson and Schoenwolf, 2001; Voiculescu et al., 2007). In the ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo and in the axial mesoderm of ...
... zebrafish and Xenopus (Fig. 1E,G), during germ band extension in Drosophila (Fig. 1C,D), and during primitive streak morphogenesis before, and during, gastrulation in chicks (Lawson and Schoenwolf, 2001; Voiculescu et al., 2007). In the ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo and in the axial mesoderm of ...
Notes - EtoosIndia
... Cell cycle of meristem is in continuous state of division. It means they have the capacity to divide. Meristematic cells have only primary cell wall which is thin and flexible (elastic). Secondary cell wall is absent. Cells of meristem are small. They have dense cytoplasm. Normally vacuoles are abse ...
... Cell cycle of meristem is in continuous state of division. It means they have the capacity to divide. Meristematic cells have only primary cell wall which is thin and flexible (elastic). Secondary cell wall is absent. Cells of meristem are small. They have dense cytoplasm. Normally vacuoles are abse ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.