Implications for Cystic Fibrosis Disease Patterns in Airway Epithelial
... 12). The subsequent intense neutrophil-dominated airway inflammation and progressive lung disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in this disease (13, 14). In vivo studies suggest that clearance of mucoid strains from murine lungs is diminished compared with nonmucoid strains, indicating ...
... 12). The subsequent intense neutrophil-dominated airway inflammation and progressive lung disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality in this disease (13, 14). In vivo studies suggest that clearance of mucoid strains from murine lungs is diminished compared with nonmucoid strains, indicating ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
Krp1, a novel kelch related protein that is involved in pseudopod
... Introduction One of the major issues of cancer progression is the complex process that results in a benign tumour becoming malignant. The ®nal change in tumours during this process is that they acquire the ability to invade, which allows them to penetrate the basement membrane and migrate into neigh ...
... Introduction One of the major issues of cancer progression is the complex process that results in a benign tumour becoming malignant. The ®nal change in tumours during this process is that they acquire the ability to invade, which allows them to penetrate the basement membrane and migrate into neigh ...
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... stellate or polygonal shape on transection in the electron microscope. Cells located three cell diameters or less from the aorta occasionally showed signs of migratory activity with an extended shape and an ordered organization of the organelle contents (Fig. 3B,C). The general direction of this cel ...
... stellate or polygonal shape on transection in the electron microscope. Cells located three cell diameters or less from the aorta occasionally showed signs of migratory activity with an extended shape and an ordered organization of the organelle contents (Fig. 3B,C). The general direction of this cel ...
Links between genome replication and chromatin landscapes
... of each replicon unit. Their number seems to be closely and linearly correlated with genome size (Gilbert, 2010; Costas et al., 2011a; DePamphilis and Bell, 2011). The activation of all ORIs is highly coordinated in time, but most likely also in space, within the S phase; however, the specification ...
... of each replicon unit. Their number seems to be closely and linearly correlated with genome size (Gilbert, 2010; Costas et al., 2011a; DePamphilis and Bell, 2011). The activation of all ORIs is highly coordinated in time, but most likely also in space, within the S phase; however, the specification ...
Two distinct sources for a population of maturing axial
... It was also present at lower levels in the TBM (Fig. 2L,L⬘,O), which we have previously shown to be the immediate descendant of CNH ectoderm (Cambray and Wilson, 2002). The expression of Sox1 mRNA was essentially the same as that of GFP protein, except that Sox1 mRNA was almost undetectable in the T ...
... It was also present at lower levels in the TBM (Fig. 2L,L⬘,O), which we have previously shown to be the immediate descendant of CNH ectoderm (Cambray and Wilson, 2002). The expression of Sox1 mRNA was essentially the same as that of GFP protein, except that Sox1 mRNA was almost undetectable in the T ...
Guidance of mesoderm cell migration in the Xenopus
... animal pole region (Nakatsuji and Johnson, 1983b). In Xenopus, migration in vitro is also directional, although only when aggregates of mesodermal cells are used to probe conditioned substratum, instead of single cells (Fig. 1A). Moreover, in the Xenopus embryo, anterior mesoderm cells extend locomo ...
... animal pole region (Nakatsuji and Johnson, 1983b). In Xenopus, migration in vitro is also directional, although only when aggregates of mesodermal cells are used to probe conditioned substratum, instead of single cells (Fig. 1A). Moreover, in the Xenopus embryo, anterior mesoderm cells extend locomo ...
Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural
... 1997; Yamashita et al., 1995; Harland and Gerhart, 1997). As this inhibition of BMP signaling neuralizes ectodermal explants, it is likely to initiate neural induction in vivo. The cell signaling and transcriptional events occurring between mesodermal signaling and the earliest expression of neural ...
... 1997; Yamashita et al., 1995; Harland and Gerhart, 1997). As this inhibition of BMP signaling neuralizes ectodermal explants, it is likely to initiate neural induction in vivo. The cell signaling and transcriptional events occurring between mesodermal signaling and the earliest expression of neural ...
Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to Cells
... maturation, we used a CHO-derived cell line lacking PIGL, an ER-resident enzyme required for the addition of GPI anchors. Proteins that harbor a GPI modification signal as their only membrane anchor are inserted into ER membrane but remain trapped there in the absence of PIGL (Nakamura et al., 1997) ...
... maturation, we used a CHO-derived cell line lacking PIGL, an ER-resident enzyme required for the addition of GPI anchors. Proteins that harbor a GPI modification signal as their only membrane anchor are inserted into ER membrane but remain trapped there in the absence of PIGL (Nakamura et al., 1997) ...
Cytokinesis in Higher Plants
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
Implications for AIDS Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of
... generalized immune activation associated with HIV infection. To define the correlates of preserved CD4ⴙ T cell counts in SMs, we conducted a cross-sectional immunological study of 110 naturally SIV-infected SMs. The nonpathogenic nature of the infection was confirmed by an average CD4ⴙ T cell count ...
... generalized immune activation associated with HIV infection. To define the correlates of preserved CD4ⴙ T cell counts in SMs, we conducted a cross-sectional immunological study of 110 naturally SIV-infected SMs. The nonpathogenic nature of the infection was confirmed by an average CD4ⴙ T cell count ...
Homeotic regulation of segment-specific
... and Bate, 1988; Prokop and Technau, 1994b). In summary, there are three major factors regulating the segment-specific proliferation of NBs: (1) the period and frequency of embryonic NB proliferation, (2) the number of NBs eliminated at the end of embryogenesis, and (3) the frequency and period of po ...
... and Bate, 1988; Prokop and Technau, 1994b). In summary, there are three major factors regulating the segment-specific proliferation of NBs: (1) the period and frequency of embryonic NB proliferation, (2) the number of NBs eliminated at the end of embryogenesis, and (3) the frequency and period of po ...
Active Stable Maintenance Functions in Low Copy
... to the mRNA of the toxin gene. In the presence of the antisense RNA, the toxin mRNA cannot be translated or is prone to degradation and the toxin is not produced (Fig. 1). The best studied PSK system of this type is the hok-sok from plasmid R1 (Gerdes et al., 1997). The type II encompasses proteic p ...
... to the mRNA of the toxin gene. In the presence of the antisense RNA, the toxin mRNA cannot be translated or is prone to degradation and the toxin is not produced (Fig. 1). The best studied PSK system of this type is the hok-sok from plasmid R1 (Gerdes et al., 1997). The type II encompasses proteic p ...
Targeting Robo4-dependent slit signaling to survive the cytokine storm in sepsis and influenza. Science Trans Med 2, 1-9.
... Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, releases multiple cytokines with broad antibacterial and antiviral properties as well as regulatory effects on subsequent adaptive immune responses. The marked and abrupt release of multiple cytokines by the immune system, often referred t ...
... Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, releases multiple cytokines with broad antibacterial and antiviral properties as well as regulatory effects on subsequent adaptive immune responses. The marked and abrupt release of multiple cytokines by the immune system, often referred t ...
Similarities and differences in the responses of microorganisms to
... resistance, it is pertinent to consider whether it is possible to explain why both similarities and differences in response to biocides occur in microbes that differ widely in their structure and physiology.9 In some ways, this presents a more formidable task than for antibiotics where a clear knowl ...
... resistance, it is pertinent to consider whether it is possible to explain why both similarities and differences in response to biocides occur in microbes that differ widely in their structure and physiology.9 In some ways, this presents a more formidable task than for antibiotics where a clear knowl ...
A Family of Abundant Plasma Membrane
... The protein content of the lyophilized proteoglycan was determined following Lowry et al. (1951). Hydroxyproline was measured by the technique of Kivirikko and Liesmaa (1959). The content of neutral sugars was determined using o-galactose as the standard in a phenol-HzSO4 assay. 5 ml of the diluted ...
... The protein content of the lyophilized proteoglycan was determined following Lowry et al. (1951). Hydroxyproline was measured by the technique of Kivirikko and Liesmaa (1959). The content of neutral sugars was determined using o-galactose as the standard in a phenol-HzSO4 assay. 5 ml of the diluted ...
necessary amino acids and vitamins
... whereas phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, leucine and isoleucine inhibited growth or decreased longevity. During the course of the above experiments it was observed that glutathione or cystathionine could support growth of human fibroblasts without the addition of any amino acids. The e ...
... whereas phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, leucine and isoleucine inhibited growth or decreased longevity. During the course of the above experiments it was observed that glutathione or cystathionine could support growth of human fibroblasts without the addition of any amino acids. The e ...
The Expression of an Extensin-Like Protein
... extensin-like proteins revealed that specifically spaced repetitive elements contribute to the sequence similarity rather than identity across a large region of LeExt1 that is similar with the compared proteins (Fig. 2). These elements are characterized by the following di-, tri-, and pentapeptides: ...
... extensin-like proteins revealed that specifically spaced repetitive elements contribute to the sequence similarity rather than identity across a large region of LeExt1 that is similar with the compared proteins (Fig. 2). These elements are characterized by the following di-, tri-, and pentapeptides: ...
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis
... of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments, encircles the nucleus at prophase, and determines the future division zone (Mineyuki and Gunning, 1990; Wick, 1991; Mineyuki, 1999). The PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell pl ...
... of a ring of microtubules and actin filaments, encircles the nucleus at prophase, and determines the future division zone (Mineyuki and Gunning, 1990; Wick, 1991; Mineyuki, 1999). The PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell pl ...
Detoxification of Arsenic by Phytochelatins in Plants
... the anion arsenate has been observed in a survey for peptide-inducing metal ions (Grill et al., 1987), and suggests a unique mode of PC synthase activation. To substantiate the previous finding, the arsenate- and arsenitetriggered induction characteristics of PC peptides were investigated in detail ...
... the anion arsenate has been observed in a survey for peptide-inducing metal ions (Grill et al., 1987), and suggests a unique mode of PC synthase activation. To substantiate the previous finding, the arsenate- and arsenitetriggered induction characteristics of PC peptides were investigated in detail ...
Cell Wall Polysaccharides are Mislocalized to the Vacuole in
... several routes of post-Golgi trafficking to the plasma membrane and cell wall may exist. More recently, molecular genetic studies have corroborated these inhibitor studies and identified several specific targets of these inhibitors. A screen employing secreted green fluorescent protein (secGFP), whi ...
... several routes of post-Golgi trafficking to the plasma membrane and cell wall may exist. More recently, molecular genetic studies have corroborated these inhibitor studies and identified several specific targets of these inhibitors. A screen employing secreted green fluorescent protein (secGFP), whi ...
β Glucocorticoids on IL-1 Counteract the Inhibitory Effect of Migration
... and finely tuned in vivo, and imbalance of tuning could cause immune system disorders. Glucocorticoids are one of the most potent regulators of cytokine production (30, 31). Glucocorticoids reduce the number of monocytes; lyse immature T cells; block phospholipase A2 activity; down-regulate the synt ...
... and finely tuned in vivo, and imbalance of tuning could cause immune system disorders. Glucocorticoids are one of the most potent regulators of cytokine production (30, 31). Glucocorticoids reduce the number of monocytes; lyse immature T cells; block phospholipase A2 activity; down-regulate the synt ...
CD4 CD25 Foxp3 Regulatory T Cells Protect the Proinflammatory
... the mechanisms of it. Methods and Results—ECs play a major role in atherogenic initiation, changing their quiescence into activated phenotypes to support every phase of the inflammatory process. HUVECs were incubated alone, with Tregs or CD4⫹CD25⫺ T cells in the presence of anti–CD3 monoclonal antib ...
... the mechanisms of it. Methods and Results—ECs play a major role in atherogenic initiation, changing their quiescence into activated phenotypes to support every phase of the inflammatory process. HUVECs were incubated alone, with Tregs or CD4⫹CD25⫺ T cells in the presence of anti–CD3 monoclonal antib ...
Mitochondria Know No Boundaries: Mechanisms and Functions of
... MSC exert their protective effects in several animal models of lung diseases. A seminal study demonstrated that transfer of intact mitochondria can contribute to tissue repair in vivo (Islam et al., 2012). In that study, bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) infused to the trachea of lipopolysaccha ...
... MSC exert their protective effects in several animal models of lung diseases. A seminal study demonstrated that transfer of intact mitochondria can contribute to tissue repair in vivo (Islam et al., 2012). In that study, bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) infused to the trachea of lipopolysaccha ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.