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... above figures indicate that tuberculosis may no longer be considered such a serious problem in swine in the U.S., but the decrease of the disease has not been as pronounced as for bovine and avian tubercu ...
... above figures indicate that tuberculosis may no longer be considered such a serious problem in swine in the U.S., but the decrease of the disease has not been as pronounced as for bovine and avian tubercu ...
From milliseconds to millions of years: guard cells and
... Other wax mutants also lend support to the idea that disruption of the extracellular matrix leads to a change in stomatal index: eceriferum-1 and eceriferum-6 mutants of Arabidopsis [20], both of which have alterations in wax composition on the leaf surface, exhibit higher stomatal indices than do w ...
... Other wax mutants also lend support to the idea that disruption of the extracellular matrix leads to a change in stomatal index: eceriferum-1 and eceriferum-6 mutants of Arabidopsis [20], both of which have alterations in wax composition on the leaf surface, exhibit higher stomatal indices than do w ...
Foci of Trinucleotide Repeat Transcripts in Nuclei
... 3' UTR of the mRNA, 500 bp upstream of the poly(A) signal, and it is expressed in many tissues (Brook et al., 1992). The mRNA containing the CTG repeat encodes a protein that has homology with the protein kinase gene family. The mechanism by which the expansion of the trinucleotide repeat results in ...
... 3' UTR of the mRNA, 500 bp upstream of the poly(A) signal, and it is expressed in many tissues (Brook et al., 1992). The mRNA containing the CTG repeat encodes a protein that has homology with the protein kinase gene family. The mechanism by which the expansion of the trinucleotide repeat results in ...
********* 1 - Botanik in Bonn
... Along the newly formed cell wall between two cells. On thin membranous structures going through the cell wall (plasmodesmata). ...
... Along the newly formed cell wall between two cells. On thin membranous structures going through the cell wall (plasmodesmata). ...
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... expression increased in control cells; this increment was lost in Hif1␣depleted cells. Furthermore, under normoxic conditions Hif1␣ overexpression induced an increase in Sox9 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay provided evidence for direct interaction of HIF1␣ with the Sox9 promot ...
... expression increased in control cells; this increment was lost in Hif1␣depleted cells. Furthermore, under normoxic conditions Hif1␣ overexpression induced an increase in Sox9 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay provided evidence for direct interaction of HIF1␣ with the Sox9 promot ...
Size, shape, and arrangement of native cellulose fibrils in maize cell
... terms, the cellulose elementary fibril (CEF) as the nascent fibril synthesized by the cellulose synthase rosettes, and the macrofibril as a bundle of CEFs, both contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibri ...
... terms, the cellulose elementary fibril (CEF) as the nascent fibril synthesized by the cellulose synthase rosettes, and the macrofibril as a bundle of CEFs, both contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibri ...
Repairing the Damaged Plasma Membrane of the
... integrity, as well as break down of cell membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with various disorders, including liver disease, atherosclerosis, several cancers and ultimately cell death. Fatty acids within the cell membrane degrade when dietary fats are either oxidized (lipid peroxides can for ...
... integrity, as well as break down of cell membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with various disorders, including liver disease, atherosclerosis, several cancers and ultimately cell death. Fatty acids within the cell membrane degrade when dietary fats are either oxidized (lipid peroxides can for ...
Double-Stranded RNA Induces Sickle Erythrocyte
... erythrocytes have been elucidated in a number of independent studies?"' Recent studies from our laboratory show that up to 25% of sickle reticulocytes express the a4PIintegrin complex and bind to vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-1) expressed by cytokine activated endothelium." Because reticul ...
... erythrocytes have been elucidated in a number of independent studies?"' Recent studies from our laboratory show that up to 25% of sickle reticulocytes express the a4PIintegrin complex and bind to vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-1) expressed by cytokine activated endothelium." Because reticul ...
Gene expression in SPN in response to iron sources
... utilized iron salts as well as iron proteins. Ferritin at 5 mg/ml did not support the growth of a serotype 3 pneumococcus [8], therefore, we used a lower concentration for growth experiment because of the possible inhibitory effect of a higher concentration. Pneumococcus does not produce any known s ...
... utilized iron salts as well as iron proteins. Ferritin at 5 mg/ml did not support the growth of a serotype 3 pneumococcus [8], therefore, we used a lower concentration for growth experiment because of the possible inhibitory effect of a higher concentration. Pneumococcus does not produce any known s ...
Gram stain reagents - Bakersfield College
... stain displays the chemical differences in cellular structures, including the cell wall and cell membrane because the macromolecules within the structure bind to different components of the stain. An example of this differential staining is seen in staining used for blood smears. Staining white bloo ...
... stain displays the chemical differences in cellular structures, including the cell wall and cell membrane because the macromolecules within the structure bind to different components of the stain. An example of this differential staining is seen in staining used for blood smears. Staining white bloo ...
Temporal Order of DNA Replication
... most of these replication domains have not yet been mapped at the molecular level, but the availability of extensive cloned contigs, as well as recent advances in technology, should now make it possible to examine these units in detail. The replication time of a genomic DNA fragment can be measured ...
... most of these replication domains have not yet been mapped at the molecular level, but the availability of extensive cloned contigs, as well as recent advances in technology, should now make it possible to examine these units in detail. The replication time of a genomic DNA fragment can be measured ...
Quantifying the range of a lipid phosphate signal in vivo
... Accepted 19 August 2013 Journal of Cell Science 126, 5453–5464 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.136176 ...
... Accepted 19 August 2013 Journal of Cell Science 126, 5453–5464 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.136176 ...
Homeostasis and the Importance for a Balance
... signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which in turns phosphorylates phosphoinositides to generate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Phosphatase and tensin homolog (P ...
... signaling. Upon activation the insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS), which activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which in turns phosphorylates phosphoinositides to generate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). Phosphatase and tensin homolog (P ...
Arabidopsis root K - Journal of Cell Science
... major osmoticum and regulator of enzymes, so decreasing the K+ activity will result in significant changes in metabolic reactions and physiological processes (Marschner, 1995). Moreover, retaining high cytosolic K+ concentration is crucial for plant salinity tolerance, although the mechanisms by whi ...
... major osmoticum and regulator of enzymes, so decreasing the K+ activity will result in significant changes in metabolic reactions and physiological processes (Marschner, 1995). Moreover, retaining high cytosolic K+ concentration is crucial for plant salinity tolerance, although the mechanisms by whi ...
Local Accumulation of Acetylcholine Receptors Is
... and Material and Methods). As a basisof comparison to enzymatically treated cells, untreated cultures were subjectedto electric fields and analyzed for the distribution of con A sites and AChRs. The results (Fig. 1) represent the 2 kinds of distributions documented previously (Stollberg and Fraser, ...
... and Material and Methods). As a basisof comparison to enzymatically treated cells, untreated cultures were subjectedto electric fields and analyzed for the distribution of con A sites and AChRs. The results (Fig. 1) represent the 2 kinds of distributions documented previously (Stollberg and Fraser, ...
Berlin-Buch - Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
... realizing them in clinical application. Along with genetic and cell biological characterizations of diseases, scientists in Berlin-Buch can analyze the structure of essential macromolecules and develop substances to interact with them. Based on this model, the MDC and Charité plan to establish a joi ...
... realizing them in clinical application. Along with genetic and cell biological characterizations of diseases, scientists in Berlin-Buch can analyze the structure of essential macromolecules and develop substances to interact with them. Based on this model, the MDC and Charité plan to establish a joi ...
Janice Evans
... – Fertilization / egg activation • exit from metaphase II arrest and progression into the embryonic cell cycle ...
... – Fertilization / egg activation • exit from metaphase II arrest and progression into the embryonic cell cycle ...
Organelle communication - Repositorio Académico
... The nuclear envelope (NE), which is continuous with the ER, can also communicate with the PM, leading to direct signaling from the extracellular space into the nucleus. The mechanism used by the NE also relies on Ca2+ signaling, and is able to trigger nuclear Ca2+ transients independently of the cyt ...
... The nuclear envelope (NE), which is continuous with the ER, can also communicate with the PM, leading to direct signaling from the extracellular space into the nucleus. The mechanism used by the NE also relies on Ca2+ signaling, and is able to trigger nuclear Ca2+ transients independently of the cyt ...
Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo
... the sperm entry site was altered established that a sperm component confers posterior character to the zygote (Goldstein and Hird, 1996). What is the nature of this symmetry-breaking cue? The cue does not appear to be the sperm entry site or paternally-contributed DNA (Goldstein and Hird, 1996; Sadl ...
... the sperm entry site was altered established that a sperm component confers posterior character to the zygote (Goldstein and Hird, 1996). What is the nature of this symmetry-breaking cue? The cue does not appear to be the sperm entry site or paternally-contributed DNA (Goldstein and Hird, 1996; Sadl ...
Cellulose orientation determines mechanical anisotropy in onion
... these tissues were determined. It was demonstrated for the first time for higher plants that a net parallel orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the onion epidermis wall coincided with a high mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, the Kalanchoë epidermis had a random net orientation of microfibril ...
... these tissues were determined. It was demonstrated for the first time for higher plants that a net parallel orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the onion epidermis wall coincided with a high mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, the Kalanchoë epidermis had a random net orientation of microfibril ...
Metabolomics of a single vacuole reveals metabolic dynamism in an
... unidentified peaks detected using CE-MS analysis (data not shown). We also used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis (Matsuda et al., 2009) on a C. australis vacuole and cytoplasm. Although secondary metabolites were not identified, most peaks were classified into vacuolar or ...
... unidentified peaks detected using CE-MS analysis (data not shown). We also used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis (Matsuda et al., 2009) on a C. australis vacuole and cytoplasm. Although secondary metabolites were not identified, most peaks were classified into vacuolar or ...
Dynamic Tubular Vacuoles Radiate Through the
... minivacuoles. The close association of the tubules with GFP-tagged actin microfilaments suggests that the tubules are associated with myosin, and that tubules likely move along microfilaments. Tubular vacuoles do not require anthocyanin for their formation, as tubules were also present in white onion ...
... minivacuoles. The close association of the tubules with GFP-tagged actin microfilaments suggests that the tubules are associated with myosin, and that tubules likely move along microfilaments. Tubular vacuoles do not require anthocyanin for their formation, as tubules were also present in white onion ...
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... Septins are a group of P-loop guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins that were first discovered in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hartwell, 1971), with several homologues now identified in many animals and yeasts, but currently absent in higher plants (Pan et al., 2007; Nishihama ...
... Septins are a group of P-loop guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding proteins that were first discovered in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hartwell, 1971), with several homologues now identified in many animals and yeasts, but currently absent in higher plants (Pan et al., 2007; Nishihama ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... to the human U1A protein (7), which directly binds to specific RNA hairpin sequences. However, FPs are less bright and photostable than organic fluorophores (8,9) and require more than 24 copies of MS2 binding sites (accommodating 48 GFPs) to localize single mRNA molecules (10), making the MS2 array ...
... to the human U1A protein (7), which directly binds to specific RNA hairpin sequences. However, FPs are less bright and photostable than organic fluorophores (8,9) and require more than 24 copies of MS2 binding sites (accommodating 48 GFPs) to localize single mRNA molecules (10), making the MS2 array ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.