
Direct inhibition of CD40L expression can contribute
... autoimmunity in mice.14-16 This paradox raises important questions about how daclizumab exerts its clinical efficacy and what the requirements are for CD25⫹Treg function in humans. Understanding the mechanistic basis of daclizumab’s actions should provide critical insights into the relative contribu ...
... autoimmunity in mice.14-16 This paradox raises important questions about how daclizumab exerts its clinical efficacy and what the requirements are for CD25⫹Treg function in humans. Understanding the mechanistic basis of daclizumab’s actions should provide critical insights into the relative contribu ...
Massive Expansion of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells during an Acute
... that during LCMV infection there is an increase in the number of alloreactive and antigen cross-reactive CTL, not all of which recognize LCMV antigens (Yang and Welsh, 1986; Nahill and Welsh, 1993). In addition to their expanded numbers, most CD81 T cells during the acute immune response to LCMV sho ...
... that during LCMV infection there is an increase in the number of alloreactive and antigen cross-reactive CTL, not all of which recognize LCMV antigens (Yang and Welsh, 1986; Nahill and Welsh, 1993). In addition to their expanded numbers, most CD81 T cells during the acute immune response to LCMV sho ...
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops
... which are a-galacturonate-rich polysaccharides, and are thought to consist essentially of three interconnected domains joined together by glycosidic bonds: homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) (O’Neill et al., 1990; Fry, 2010; Atmodjo et al., 2013). HG ...
... which are a-galacturonate-rich polysaccharides, and are thought to consist essentially of three interconnected domains joined together by glycosidic bonds: homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) (O’Neill et al., 1990; Fry, 2010; Atmodjo et al., 2013). HG ...
Postmortem Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis
... strated an increased number of eosinophils in the splenic red pulp, but no reference to control cases or statistical calculations were presented. In early reports on fatal anaphylaxis, similar aggregations of eosinophils in the spleen and liver were observed (25,26). In another study, Delage et al., ...
... strated an increased number of eosinophils in the splenic red pulp, but no reference to control cases or statistical calculations were presented. In early reports on fatal anaphylaxis, similar aggregations of eosinophils in the spleen and liver were observed (25,26). In another study, Delage et al., ...
Decreased Lysosomal Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase I Fibroblasts
... tissues are also affected clinically, although less critically, has suggested that the primary error might also be expressed in other organ systems (1). For example, circulating erythrocytes from DMD patients have recently been studied to test the hypothesis that the primary lesion in DMD involves a ...
... tissues are also affected clinically, although less critically, has suggested that the primary error might also be expressed in other organ systems (1). For example, circulating erythrocytes from DMD patients have recently been studied to test the hypothesis that the primary lesion in DMD involves a ...
chapt 4
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Pathology of Genetically Engineered Mouse
... (d) A conditional KrasG12V model was submitted by Guerra et al. (27). This is a mutant KrasG12V-ires-BGeo ‘‘knock-in’’ model in which the endogenous Kras oncogene is transcriptionally silenced by a LoxPflanked stop element, and expression is induced upon doxicycline administration (in a tet-o-cre; E ...
... (d) A conditional KrasG12V model was submitted by Guerra et al. (27). This is a mutant KrasG12V-ires-BGeo ‘‘knock-in’’ model in which the endogenous Kras oncogene is transcriptionally silenced by a LoxPflanked stop element, and expression is induced upon doxicycline administration (in a tet-o-cre; E ...
PDF - The Corbo Lab
... studies has resulted in relatively few detailed characterizations of embryonic enhancers (e.g., Rhodes et al., 1994; Popperl et al., 1995). Transient expression assays have been used in both zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, whereby fusion genes are introduced into early cleavage-stage embryos via micr ...
... studies has resulted in relatively few detailed characterizations of embryonic enhancers (e.g., Rhodes et al., 1994; Popperl et al., 1995). Transient expression assays have been used in both zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, whereby fusion genes are introduced into early cleavage-stage embryos via micr ...
The Hydra
... Other nematocysts release threads that surfluid. Undigested pieces are released through round the prey and hold it tight. The tentacles the Hydra's mouth. Digested nutrients move then,_ move the prey toward the Hydra's mouth into the cells of the Hy dra by diffusion. and force it into the its digest ...
... Other nematocysts release threads that surfluid. Undigested pieces are released through round the prey and hold it tight. The tentacles the Hydra's mouth. Digested nutrients move then,_ move the prey toward the Hydra's mouth into the cells of the Hy dra by diffusion. and force it into the its digest ...
The Cortical Microtubule Array: From Dynamics to
... arrays that can persist for considerable lengths of time during development? The polar nature of microtubules is an important consideration when trying to understand the relationship between microtubule assembly dynamics and organization. Microtubules possess an inherent polarity as a result of the ...
... arrays that can persist for considerable lengths of time during development? The polar nature of microtubules is an important consideration when trying to understand the relationship between microtubule assembly dynamics and organization. Microtubules possess an inherent polarity as a result of the ...
Localization of TGN38 to the trans-Golgi Network
... other topologic domains of the protein to TGN localization remain to be established. In the present study, we have sought to identify specific sequences that are involved in localizing TGN38 to the TGN, as a first step to examine the molecular mechanisms that determine protein localization and sorti ...
... other topologic domains of the protein to TGN localization remain to be established. In the present study, we have sought to identify specific sequences that are involved in localizing TGN38 to the TGN, as a first step to examine the molecular mechanisms that determine protein localization and sorti ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... Reciprocal signaling cues between the pluripotent epiblast and adjacent tissues, namely the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) and visceral endoderm (VE), precisely co-ordinate cell fate decisions during gastrulation. Nodal/Smad signals from the epiblast are required for specification of the AVE, a disc ...
... Reciprocal signaling cues between the pluripotent epiblast and adjacent tissues, namely the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) and visceral endoderm (VE), precisely co-ordinate cell fate decisions during gastrulation. Nodal/Smad signals from the epiblast are required for specification of the AVE, a disc ...
Biological Mechanisms of Noise in Gene Expression
... How could we explain that genetically identical cells such as clones are not totally identical? They differ by the rate of their gene expression. This phenomenon is particularly due to non- deterministic fluctuations, or noise, of biological mechanisms. Noise can be divided into two classes. Extrins ...
... How could we explain that genetically identical cells such as clones are not totally identical? They differ by the rate of their gene expression. This phenomenon is particularly due to non- deterministic fluctuations, or noise, of biological mechanisms. Noise can be divided into two classes. Extrins ...
Morphogenesis of intestinal villi
... prime interest in the study of development. An example of an epithelial sheet that undergoes dramatic change in form during development is the intestinal epithelium, which becomes shaped into finger-like villi that protrude into the lumen of the gut. The intestinal epithelium in the chicken does not ...
... prime interest in the study of development. An example of an epithelial sheet that undergoes dramatic change in form during development is the intestinal epithelium, which becomes shaped into finger-like villi that protrude into the lumen of the gut. The intestinal epithelium in the chicken does not ...
Ligand Maintenance of Regulatory T Cells via GITR for B Cells in
... Recently, the role of B cells in autoimmune diseases has been further studied by their depletion using anti-CD20, which targets B cells from the pre-B cell to memory stages. Plasma cells, which do not express CD20, are not eliminated. In EAE, anti-CD20 depletion of B cells before induction of EAE wi ...
... Recently, the role of B cells in autoimmune diseases has been further studied by their depletion using anti-CD20, which targets B cells from the pre-B cell to memory stages. Plasma cells, which do not express CD20, are not eliminated. In EAE, anti-CD20 depletion of B cells before induction of EAE wi ...
PDF
... prime interest in the study of development. An example of an epithelial sheet that undergoes dramatic change in form during development is the intestinal epithelium, which becomes shaped into finger-like villi that protrude into the lumen of the gut. The intestinal epithelium in the chicken does not ...
... prime interest in the study of development. An example of an epithelial sheet that undergoes dramatic change in form during development is the intestinal epithelium, which becomes shaped into finger-like villi that protrude into the lumen of the gut. The intestinal epithelium in the chicken does not ...
New immunotherapies targeting the
... changes at the PD-1 locus [27]. Other epigenetic modifications have been described including regulation of PD-1 by DNA methylation. Viral infection leads to a loss of this methylation in CD8 T cells which then allows transcription of PD-1 [26,33]. This demethylation is directly related to the streng ...
... changes at the PD-1 locus [27]. Other epigenetic modifications have been described including regulation of PD-1 by DNA methylation. Viral infection leads to a loss of this methylation in CD8 T cells which then allows transcription of PD-1 [26,33]. This demethylation is directly related to the streng ...
C. elegans daf-6 Encodes a Patched-Related Protein
... have two projections: an axon that extends into the nerve ring and a dendrite that extends to the anterior tip of the animal. Amphid sheath and socket glia also extend anterior processes that contact amphid neuron dendritic projections (Ward et al., 1975). At the tip of the nose, all neuronal sensor ...
... have two projections: an axon that extends into the nerve ring and a dendrite that extends to the anterior tip of the animal. Amphid sheath and socket glia also extend anterior processes that contact amphid neuron dendritic projections (Ward et al., 1975). At the tip of the nose, all neuronal sensor ...
Facultad de Ciencias Tráfico de células dendríticas a través
... that is responsible for the normal maintenance of fluid balance in tissue. Besides, it is devoted to the transport of fat from the gut and of immune cells from tissues to the lymph nodes. Up to 50% of the protein that extravasates from blood vessels cannot be directly reabsorbed by these capillaries ...
... that is responsible for the normal maintenance of fluid balance in tissue. Besides, it is devoted to the transport of fat from the gut and of immune cells from tissues to the lymph nodes. Up to 50% of the protein that extravasates from blood vessels cannot be directly reabsorbed by these capillaries ...
Zinc-induced Inactivation of the Yeast ZRT1 Zinc Transporter
... nutrient transporters in response to changing metabolic demands. The FUR4 uracil transporter is endocytosed in nutrient-starved cells or in cells in which protein synthesis is inhibited (9). This decrease in uracil uptake capacity may prevent futile RNA synthesis. Finally, yeast transporters can be ...
... nutrient transporters in response to changing metabolic demands. The FUR4 uracil transporter is endocytosed in nutrient-starved cells or in cells in which protein synthesis is inhibited (9). This decrease in uracil uptake capacity may prevent futile RNA synthesis. Finally, yeast transporters can be ...
Chromatin and the genome integrity network
... segregation pathway preserves the correct number of chromosomes during cell division3. These pathways exhibit crosstalk, forming a network in which disruption of one pathway leads to engagement of the others to protect genome integrity while maintaining cell homeostasis (FIG. 1). As discussed in thi ...
... segregation pathway preserves the correct number of chromosomes during cell division3. These pathways exhibit crosstalk, forming a network in which disruption of one pathway leads to engagement of the others to protect genome integrity while maintaining cell homeostasis (FIG. 1). As discussed in thi ...
Activation of Hedgehog signaling by loss of GNAS causes
... studies in our mouse model, we propose that Hedgehog inhibitors currently used in the clinic for other conditions, such as cancer, may possibly be repurposed for treating heterotopic ossification and other diseases caused by GNAS inactivation. The human skeleton is a complex organ that forms during ...
... studies in our mouse model, we propose that Hedgehog inhibitors currently used in the clinic for other conditions, such as cancer, may possibly be repurposed for treating heterotopic ossification and other diseases caused by GNAS inactivation. The human skeleton is a complex organ that forms during ...
Heat Shock Responses for Understanding Diseases of
... Mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play a central role in the regulation and determination of cellular growth, differentiation, or apoptosis in numerous physiological conditions. The three major members of MAPK family are c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-re ...
... Mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play a central role in the regulation and determination of cellular growth, differentiation, or apoptosis in numerous physiological conditions. The three major members of MAPK family are c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-re ...
Cellular differentiation

In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.