TOR SIGNALLING IN BUGS, BRAIN AND BRAWN
... Yeast cells grow and proliferate in response to ambient nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon sources. The quantity and quality of nutrient sources are detected by a diverse set of sensing and regulatory systems. In the presence of good nitrogen sources, such as ammonium or glutamine, the transcript ...
... Yeast cells grow and proliferate in response to ambient nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon sources. The quantity and quality of nutrient sources are detected by a diverse set of sensing and regulatory systems. In the presence of good nitrogen sources, such as ammonium or glutamine, the transcript ...
Cell fate specification and maintenance in the female gametophyte
... (Sundaresan and Alandete-Saez, 2010) (Fig. 1). Successful double fertilization requires appropriate cell fate specification and maintenance of the cells within the female gametophyte as well as male-female communication (Dresselhaus, 2006). Different genetic screens have been performed in order to i ...
... (Sundaresan and Alandete-Saez, 2010) (Fig. 1). Successful double fertilization requires appropriate cell fate specification and maintenance of the cells within the female gametophyte as well as male-female communication (Dresselhaus, 2006). Different genetic screens have been performed in order to i ...
The Polypeptide Composition of Moving and Stationary
... exit the cell cycle and differentiate into neurons. In adults, nestin expression is confined to neuronal stem cells [Lendahl et al., 1990] and vimentin expression is retained in only a few unusual neurons [Drager, 1983; Schwob et al., 1986], though it can be upregulated in response to injury [Perlson ...
... exit the cell cycle and differentiate into neurons. In adults, nestin expression is confined to neuronal stem cells [Lendahl et al., 1990] and vimentin expression is retained in only a few unusual neurons [Drager, 1983; Schwob et al., 1986], though it can be upregulated in response to injury [Perlson ...
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... the BSF equivalent to the FC of procyclic forms [65]. Later on in the cycle the cell will duplicate, which requires replication and segregation of all its organelles including the FP and the FP cytoskeleton. The latter includes a quartet of microtubules (4MT) also known as microtubule quartet (MTQ), ...
... the BSF equivalent to the FC of procyclic forms [65]. Later on in the cycle the cell will duplicate, which requires replication and segregation of all its organelles including the FP and the FP cytoskeleton. The latter includes a quartet of microtubules (4MT) also known as microtubule quartet (MTQ), ...
Std1 and Mth1 Proteins Interact with the Glucose Sensors To Control
... and other available sequence databases indicates that there are no other known proteins closely related to Std1 and Mth1. Deletion of either STD1 or MTH1 had no apparent deleterious effects on cell growth or gene expression. However, deletion of both genes resulted in a strain with a mild Snf2 pheno ...
... and other available sequence databases indicates that there are no other known proteins closely related to Std1 and Mth1. Deletion of either STD1 or MTH1 had no apparent deleterious effects on cell growth or gene expression. However, deletion of both genes resulted in a strain with a mild Snf2 pheno ...
Nuclear and Nucleolar Localization by the N
... data imply that nucleolin binding region (residue 166-210) alone is not sufficient for the nucleolar localization of the enzyme. To further characterize the nucleolin binding region and localization, we constructed a fusion protein topoIN∆3 (residue 1-170) which has all the putative NLSs, but lacks ...
... data imply that nucleolin binding region (residue 166-210) alone is not sufficient for the nucleolar localization of the enzyme. To further characterize the nucleolin binding region and localization, we constructed a fusion protein topoIN∆3 (residue 1-170) which has all the putative NLSs, but lacks ...
Japanese encephalitis virus replication is negatively regulated by
... gene-specific primers and total RNA from serum-starved, mock-, or JEV-infected Neuro2a cells. Additionally, as a control, qPCR was performed for genes that did not show any deregulation. The cycle threshold (Ct) value for each gene was normalized to that of Gapdh and the fold change in the expressio ...
... gene-specific primers and total RNA from serum-starved, mock-, or JEV-infected Neuro2a cells. Additionally, as a control, qPCR was performed for genes that did not show any deregulation. The cycle threshold (Ct) value for each gene was normalized to that of Gapdh and the fold change in the expressio ...
Hybridoma and Hybridomics
... The cells were fixed in PFA, as described by Amann et al.(13) The fixed cells were permeabilized by digestion with lysozyme (662 U/mL PBS; 15 min; room temperature). The reaction was stopped by two washes in PBS. Some droplets of the cell suspension were transferred to a glass slide and dried by roo ...
... The cells were fixed in PFA, as described by Amann et al.(13) The fixed cells were permeabilized by digestion with lysozyme (662 U/mL PBS; 15 min; room temperature). The reaction was stopped by two washes in PBS. Some droplets of the cell suspension were transferred to a glass slide and dried by roo ...
BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION Geoffrey C. Draper
... replication and repair are well known, our understanding of the mechanisms of chromosomal DNA partitioning is largely incomplete. While the relatively small size of the bacterial cell has hampered efforts to visualize specific structures within the cell that might constitute a mitotic apparatus, the ...
... replication and repair are well known, our understanding of the mechanisms of chromosomal DNA partitioning is largely incomplete. While the relatively small size of the bacterial cell has hampered efforts to visualize specific structures within the cell that might constitute a mitotic apparatus, the ...
Htr2a-Expressing Cells in the Central Amygdala Control
... and learned fears are controlled by synergistic mechanisms, administration of drugs that inhibit either fear mechanism is expected to alleviate advanced abnormal fear emotion. However, if both fears are controlled by antagonistic mechanisms, drugs that alleviate only one fear can aggravate the other ...
... and learned fears are controlled by synergistic mechanisms, administration of drugs that inhibit either fear mechanism is expected to alleviate advanced abnormal fear emotion. However, if both fears are controlled by antagonistic mechanisms, drugs that alleviate only one fear can aggravate the other ...
Cooperative organization of bacterial colonies: from genotype to
... not move. The boundary of the fluid thus defines a local boundary for the branch of the developing colony. Whenever the cells are active, the boundary propagates slowly as a result of the cellular movement and production of additional wetting fluid. The observations also revealed that the cells were ...
... not move. The boundary of the fluid thus defines a local boundary for the branch of the developing colony. Whenever the cells are active, the boundary propagates slowly as a result of the cellular movement and production of additional wetting fluid. The observations also revealed that the cells were ...
Gene Deletion Screen for Cardiomyopathy in Adult Drosophila
... nity, forward genetic screens for adult heart phenotypes have been rarely performed because of the difficulty in accurately measuring cardiac function in adult Drosophila. Recently, we developed a strategy to obtain rapid and accurate real-time measurements of cardiac function in the awake adult fly ...
... nity, forward genetic screens for adult heart phenotypes have been rarely performed because of the difficulty in accurately measuring cardiac function in adult Drosophila. Recently, we developed a strategy to obtain rapid and accurate real-time measurements of cardiac function in the awake adult fly ...
A conserved sequence in calmodulin regulated spectrinassociated
... but no non-animal organism, or animals without tissues such as Trichoplax or sponge seem to have such proteins (Baines et al. 2009). The fruit fly orthologue of CAMSAP1 is encoded by the gene ssp4/patronin. This gene is required for normal mitotic spindle formation in S2 cells, potentially indicating ...
... but no non-animal organism, or animals without tissues such as Trichoplax or sponge seem to have such proteins (Baines et al. 2009). The fruit fly orthologue of CAMSAP1 is encoded by the gene ssp4/patronin. This gene is required for normal mitotic spindle formation in S2 cells, potentially indicating ...
In all vertebrate embryos examined so far, the first
... (Figure 1C,a), i.e. where definitive hematopoiesis has just been initiated, and all of them do so by 10 dpf. The number of stained cells in the pronephros increases steadily over the next days and weeks (Figure 1D,b-c; E,a,c,f). Unlike primitive macrophages, these SB stained granulocytes were never ...
... (Figure 1C,a), i.e. where definitive hematopoiesis has just been initiated, and all of them do so by 10 dpf. The number of stained cells in the pronephros increases steadily over the next days and weeks (Figure 1D,b-c; E,a,c,f). Unlike primitive macrophages, these SB stained granulocytes were never ...
- Nottingham ePrints
... 1998). FGF4 signalling in the ExE is mediated by its membrane receptor FGFR2, which triggers a Ras/Erk response that stimulates Cdx2 expression (Lu et al., 2008). Cdx2, together with Eomes and Elf5, have been proposed to be part of a gene regulatory network (GRN) promoting trophoblast fate in the Ex ...
... 1998). FGF4 signalling in the ExE is mediated by its membrane receptor FGFR2, which triggers a Ras/Erk response that stimulates Cdx2 expression (Lu et al., 2008). Cdx2, together with Eomes and Elf5, have been proposed to be part of a gene regulatory network (GRN) promoting trophoblast fate in the Ex ...
Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing
... DNA in the absence of mitosis (M phase), has been associated with cell expansion, where an increased cell volume is driven by internal turgor pressure (SugimotoShirasu and Roberts, 2003). However, increased ploidy level by endoreduplication appears not to be the unique determinant of plant cell size ...
... DNA in the absence of mitosis (M phase), has been associated with cell expansion, where an increased cell volume is driven by internal turgor pressure (SugimotoShirasu and Roberts, 2003). However, increased ploidy level by endoreduplication appears not to be the unique determinant of plant cell size ...
The unique proline-rich domain of parotid proline
... Mouse pituitary AtT-20 D16v cells were cultured as described previously (Castle et al., 1992). DNA transfections were carried out by calcium phosphate precipitation. Selection of stable transfectants and screening for expression of polypeptides by western blotting were also performed as described (C ...
... Mouse pituitary AtT-20 D16v cells were cultured as described previously (Castle et al., 1992). DNA transfections were carried out by calcium phosphate precipitation. Selection of stable transfectants and screening for expression of polypeptides by western blotting were also performed as described (C ...
Science Jeopardy - Broward County Public Schools
... • QUESTION: Cell membranes control what passes in and out of a cell, whereas a cell wall gives a cell a rigid shape. ...
... • QUESTION: Cell membranes control what passes in and out of a cell, whereas a cell wall gives a cell a rigid shape. ...
Bone Matrix
... cell cycle and cell growth regulated genes that support proliferation During this proliferation period, and fundamental to development of bone phenotype, several genes associated with formation of the ECM (type I collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) are actively expressed ...
... cell cycle and cell growth regulated genes that support proliferation During this proliferation period, and fundamental to development of bone phenotype, several genes associated with formation of the ECM (type I collagen, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) are actively expressed ...
Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules, cytokine and
... Currently, the local concentration of adenosine at inflammatory sites is not known, but measurements in rat heart and brain indicated that under hypoxia the extracellular adenosine concentration is at least in the 10-20 µM range (21,22). Besides action on the cardiovascular and nervous system, an an ...
... Currently, the local concentration of adenosine at inflammatory sites is not known, but measurements in rat heart and brain indicated that under hypoxia the extracellular adenosine concentration is at least in the 10-20 µM range (21,22). Besides action on the cardiovascular and nervous system, an an ...
Speciation of Small Molecules and Inorganic Ions in Salmon Egg
... metalloproteins, metalloenzymes, small molecular organicmetal complexes, or inorganic ions in animal cells have not yet been performed. In the present authors’ laboratory, the CHAPS-coated ODS (octadecylsilica) column was developed as a surfactantmediated separation column by adsorbing CHAPS (3-[(3c ...
... metalloproteins, metalloenzymes, small molecular organicmetal complexes, or inorganic ions in animal cells have not yet been performed. In the present authors’ laboratory, the CHAPS-coated ODS (octadecylsilica) column was developed as a surfactantmediated separation column by adsorbing CHAPS (3-[(3c ...
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for Cell
... the colony (18). Cytoplasm and organelles flow freely through the fused fusion hyphae. Based on morphological criteria, the process of hyphal cell fusion can be roughly divided into three stages (17), beginning with a stage in which the tips of two fusion hyphae grow toward each other. Chemotrophic ...
... the colony (18). Cytoplasm and organelles flow freely through the fused fusion hyphae. Based on morphological criteria, the process of hyphal cell fusion can be roughly divided into three stages (17), beginning with a stage in which the tips of two fusion hyphae grow toward each other. Chemotrophic ...
The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells
... of other Tfh-associated molecules (Ma et al., 2009, 2012; Schmitt et al., 2009; Eto et al., 2011). Thus, the differentiation state of in vitro–derived Tfh cells more closely corresponds to pre–Tfh than to GC Tfh cells. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding the relative importance of these ...
... of other Tfh-associated molecules (Ma et al., 2009, 2012; Schmitt et al., 2009; Eto et al., 2011). Thus, the differentiation state of in vitro–derived Tfh cells more closely corresponds to pre–Tfh than to GC Tfh cells. Conflicting results have been obtained regarding the relative importance of these ...
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
... these comets. Interestingly, Dyn2 is concentrated at the actin–vesicle-membrane interface but also extends along the length of the comet tails. This suggests a direct structurefunction relationship with the actin filament network, implicating dynamin in the regulation of actin polymerization. At the ...
... these comets. Interestingly, Dyn2 is concentrated at the actin–vesicle-membrane interface but also extends along the length of the comet tails. This suggests a direct structurefunction relationship with the actin filament network, implicating dynamin in the regulation of actin polymerization. At the ...
ISG15, a ubiquitin-like interferon
... the regulation of HCV production has been established: knockdown of USP18 increases the anti-HCV potency of IFN-a (Randall et al., 2006), and ISG15 protein expression is highly upregulated in the hepatocytes of treatment nonresponders, but is increased in the macrophages of treatment responders. The ...
... the regulation of HCV production has been established: knockdown of USP18 increases the anti-HCV potency of IFN-a (Randall et al., 2006), and ISG15 protein expression is highly upregulated in the hepatocytes of treatment nonresponders, but is increased in the macrophages of treatment responders. The ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.