Refraction effect in an in-plane-switching blue
... electrodes and cannot penetrate deeply into the BPLC bulk [21]. Low transmittance results from the “dead zones” on the top of the electrodes since only the horizontal electric field contributes to the transmittance of the IPS-BPLC cell. Moreover, the electric fields are not uniform in an IPS-BPLC c ...
... electrodes and cannot penetrate deeply into the BPLC bulk [21]. Low transmittance results from the “dead zones” on the top of the electrodes since only the horizontal electric field contributes to the transmittance of the IPS-BPLC cell. Moreover, the electric fields are not uniform in an IPS-BPLC c ...
Receptor Cell Biology: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
... Most cellular functions require an intracellular environment isolated from that of the extracellular space. The cell membrane provides such a physical barrier to control macromolecule movement. RME provides one major pathway for the trafficking of extracellular molecules into the cell and involves t ...
... Most cellular functions require an intracellular environment isolated from that of the extracellular space. The cell membrane provides such a physical barrier to control macromolecule movement. RME provides one major pathway for the trafficking of extracellular molecules into the cell and involves t ...
during Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation Transcription by Lytic
... HCMV interferes with MHC class II transcription and CIITA activation. Other strategies for the down-modulation MHC class II surface expression by HCMV are promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of DR-␣ and DM-␣ molecules by glycoprotein US2 (18, 19). In addition, US3 protein of HCMV competes ...
... HCMV interferes with MHC class II transcription and CIITA activation. Other strategies for the down-modulation MHC class II surface expression by HCMV are promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of DR-␣ and DM-␣ molecules by glycoprotein US2 (18, 19). In addition, US3 protein of HCMV competes ...
On the Morphology of the Drosophila Heart
... Studying organogenesis and organ functionality requires basic knowledge of the functional anatomy of the organ itself. Herein, we will provide an introduction to Drosophila heart anatomy that will guide the reader through the very basic principles of Drosophila heart function and the cell types that ...
... Studying organogenesis and organ functionality requires basic knowledge of the functional anatomy of the organ itself. Herein, we will provide an introduction to Drosophila heart anatomy that will guide the reader through the very basic principles of Drosophila heart function and the cell types that ...
Plastid and Stromule Morphogenesis in Tomato
... trichome are present in the tomato epidermis (McCaskill and Croteau, 1999): pointed trichomes and those with a globular structure at the tip consisting of four cells. In both cases the trichome stalk is multicellular. Plastid morphogenesis in stalk cells of the two types of trichome from both the st ...
... trichome are present in the tomato epidermis (McCaskill and Croteau, 1999): pointed trichomes and those with a globular structure at the tip consisting of four cells. In both cases the trichome stalk is multicellular. Plastid morphogenesis in stalk cells of the two types of trichome from both the st ...
Regulated Expression of Vimentin cDNA in Cells in the Presence
... Observations on the assembly of modified filament proteins in cells have appeared to support the concept that intermediate assembly may take place specifically in a perinuclear location. Vikstrom et al. (1989) microinjected biotinylated vimentin into fibroblasts that contained a preexisting vimentin ...
... Observations on the assembly of modified filament proteins in cells have appeared to support the concept that intermediate assembly may take place specifically in a perinuclear location. Vikstrom et al. (1989) microinjected biotinylated vimentin into fibroblasts that contained a preexisting vimentin ...
Out of the Mouths of Plants: The Molecular Basis of the Evolution
... a pair of cells that develop the thickened walls and mature chloroplasts characteristic of stomatal guard cells (GCs). SLGCs eventually become pavement cells but may divide asymmetrically as well, producing a meristemoid away from the original stoma (Figure 2). The stomatal complex may be formed exc ...
... a pair of cells that develop the thickened walls and mature chloroplasts characteristic of stomatal guard cells (GCs). SLGCs eventually become pavement cells but may divide asymmetrically as well, producing a meristemoid away from the original stoma (Figure 2). The stomatal complex may be formed exc ...
Lonza Group Ltd
... completed the acquisition of the preclinical cell and molecular biology assets of Simbiosys Biowares India Pvt. Ltd as of 13 October 2009. Simbiosys Biowares is a premier biology outsourcing company with core competencies in cell and molecular biology, and in clinical services. The company’s cell an ...
... completed the acquisition of the preclinical cell and molecular biology assets of Simbiosys Biowares India Pvt. Ltd as of 13 October 2009. Simbiosys Biowares is a premier biology outsourcing company with core competencies in cell and molecular biology, and in clinical services. The company’s cell an ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis SOD1
... a basal increase in extracellular ATP degradation. Again, all of these events were prevented by BBG (22). Taken together, these results clearly suggest that the release/degradation of ATP and the activation of the P2X7 receptor are involved in the microglia– astrocyte–motor neuron cross-talk that oc ...
... a basal increase in extracellular ATP degradation. Again, all of these events were prevented by BBG (22). Taken together, these results clearly suggest that the release/degradation of ATP and the activation of the P2X7 receptor are involved in the microglia– astrocyte–motor neuron cross-talk that oc ...
The Effect of Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic Acid on the Cell Walls of
... of the cell walls. Except for aldoheptoses and the components of the walls of Proteus mirabilis, the sugars were readily identified chromatographically. In the case of P. mirabilis, a diffuse elongated spot covering the region corresponding to glucose and galactose was obtained. As aldoheptoses have ...
... of the cell walls. Except for aldoheptoses and the components of the walls of Proteus mirabilis, the sugars were readily identified chromatographically. In the case of P. mirabilis, a diffuse elongated spot covering the region corresponding to glucose and galactose was obtained. As aldoheptoses have ...
E-cadherin controls β-catenin and NF
... 480 cells the activity of the fibronectin and LEF1 promoters was upregulated by co-expression of VP16-Rel (supplementary material Fig. S4), a fusion chimera containing the Rel DNA-binding domain of NF-κB-p65 and the transactivator domain of VP-16. We checked with ChIP experiments whether binding of ...
... 480 cells the activity of the fibronectin and LEF1 promoters was upregulated by co-expression of VP16-Rel (supplementary material Fig. S4), a fusion chimera containing the Rel DNA-binding domain of NF-κB-p65 and the transactivator domain of VP-16. We checked with ChIP experiments whether binding of ...
Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of
... Previous studies have established that the pronephric ducts are fully formed and patent to the exterior by 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) (Kimmel et al., 1995). However, the formation of the pronephric tubules and glomeruli in zebrafish has not been described. Guided by the position of the mature ...
... Previous studies have established that the pronephric ducts are fully formed and patent to the exterior by 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) (Kimmel et al., 1995). However, the formation of the pronephric tubules and glomeruli in zebrafish has not been described. Guided by the position of the mature ...
HISTOLOGICAL AND SEM STUDIES ON ORGANOGENESIS IN
... layer (arrow). Bar = 500 μm. Fig. 9. Leaf primordia and partially damaged membranous layer (arrows) on callus surface. Bar = 200 μm. Fig. 10. Shoot formation with apex (A) and two leaf primordia (LP); visible remnants of membranous layer (arrow). Bar = 200 μm. Fig. 11. Differentiation of leaf primor ...
... layer (arrow). Bar = 500 μm. Fig. 9. Leaf primordia and partially damaged membranous layer (arrows) on callus surface. Bar = 200 μm. Fig. 10. Shoot formation with apex (A) and two leaf primordia (LP); visible remnants of membranous layer (arrow). Bar = 200 μm. Fig. 11. Differentiation of leaf primor ...
Alveolar Macrophages Isolated Directly From
... cell lines ex vivo produces cells that are permissive to HCMV infection [13–15]. Additionally, reactivation of lytic gene expression from latently infected myeloid cells differentiated ex vivo into MDMs has also been demonstrated [16, 17], but whether macrophages differentiated in vivo (eg, alveolar ...
... cell lines ex vivo produces cells that are permissive to HCMV infection [13–15]. Additionally, reactivation of lytic gene expression from latently infected myeloid cells differentiated ex vivo into MDMs has also been demonstrated [16, 17], but whether macrophages differentiated in vivo (eg, alveolar ...
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated
... positively charged amino acid residues, each of which is followed by two hydrophobic residues; and the segment acts as a voltage sensor. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has one orthologue, termed Cch1, of the pore-forming a1 subunit of mammalian VGCCs (Fischer et al., 1997; Paidhungat & Garrett, ...
... positively charged amino acid residues, each of which is followed by two hydrophobic residues; and the segment acts as a voltage sensor. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has one orthologue, termed Cch1, of the pore-forming a1 subunit of mammalian VGCCs (Fischer et al., 1997; Paidhungat & Garrett, ...
ER storage diseases: a role for ERGIC
... Why is ERAD unable to cope with certain mutant proteins? A simple explanation would be that their rate of synthesis exceeds the capacity of degradation. However, not all transport-incompetent Ig mutants cause RB biogenesis when degradation is inhibited. Therefore, additional features must be present ...
... Why is ERAD unable to cope with certain mutant proteins? A simple explanation would be that their rate of synthesis exceeds the capacity of degradation. However, not all transport-incompetent Ig mutants cause RB biogenesis when degradation is inhibited. Therefore, additional features must be present ...
4T, 3T AND 3T1D DRAM CELL DESIGN ON 32 NM
... Manufacturing process introduces variations in devices characteristic parameters, such as threshold voltage and physical dimensions (length and width) of transistors. These variations can be classified depending on their statistics as systematic (inter die and intra-die systematic) or random (intra- ...
... Manufacturing process introduces variations in devices characteristic parameters, such as threshold voltage and physical dimensions (length and width) of transistors. These variations can be classified depending on their statistics as systematic (inter die and intra-die systematic) or random (intra- ...
EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION ON
... with ascorbic acid, numbers of dividing cells were observed in roots quiescent center treated with ascorbic acid. On the other words, ascorbic acid stimulates cells of this region and induces cell division. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Liso et al. [1984] and Kerk and Feldman ...
... with ascorbic acid, numbers of dividing cells were observed in roots quiescent center treated with ascorbic acid. On the other words, ascorbic acid stimulates cells of this region and induces cell division. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Liso et al. [1984] and Kerk and Feldman ...
Abscisic Acid–Induced Transcription Is Mediated by
... protein kinases (CDPKs) has been shown to activate ABAregulated promoters (Sheen, 1996). AAPK, an ABA-activated protein kinase that is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure, has been cloned from Vicia faba (Li et al., 2000). Second messenger molecules, such as cyclic ADPRib, phosphatidic acid, an ...
... protein kinases (CDPKs) has been shown to activate ABAregulated promoters (Sheen, 1996). AAPK, an ABA-activated protein kinase that is involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure, has been cloned from Vicia faba (Li et al., 2000). Second messenger molecules, such as cyclic ADPRib, phosphatidic acid, an ...
Session 241 Ganglion Cells: Development, axotomy, trauma
... and functions have not been well-characterized in the developing retina. Methods: We utilized in vitro whole cell patch clamp in retinas from mice that expressed GFP under the melanopsin promoter (Opn4-GFP). ipRGCs were specifically targeted using epifluoresence. We investigated the following postna ...
... and functions have not been well-characterized in the developing retina. Methods: We utilized in vitro whole cell patch clamp in retinas from mice that expressed GFP under the melanopsin promoter (Opn4-GFP). ipRGCs were specifically targeted using epifluoresence. We investigated the following postna ...
The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal
... a pair of cells that develop the thickened walls and mature chloroplasts characteristic of stomatal guard cells (GCs). SLGCs eventually become pavement cells but may divide asymmetrically as well, producing a meristemoid away from the original stoma (Figure 2). The stomatal complex may be formed exc ...
... a pair of cells that develop the thickened walls and mature chloroplasts characteristic of stomatal guard cells (GCs). SLGCs eventually become pavement cells but may divide asymmetrically as well, producing a meristemoid away from the original stoma (Figure 2). The stomatal complex may be formed exc ...
Satisfying the Immense Energy Demands of the Body, and the
... energetic demands of different tissues. The nervous system and the brain, in particular, are by far the greatest consumers of energy within the body, and for good reason. Neurons are constantly active and involved in everything from cognition, sensation, muscle regulation, respiration, etc. Thus, if ...
... energetic demands of different tissues. The nervous system and the brain, in particular, are by far the greatest consumers of energy within the body, and for good reason. Neurons are constantly active and involved in everything from cognition, sensation, muscle regulation, respiration, etc. Thus, if ...
LvNotch positions the ectoderm-endoderm boundary
... required for several early aspects of endo-mesodermal specification in cleavage stage embryos (Wikramanayake et al., 1998; Logan et al., 1999; Huang et al., 2000; McClay et al., 2000; Vonica et al., 2000). At the late mesenchyme blastula stage, nuclear β-catenin is present specifically within the nu ...
... required for several early aspects of endo-mesodermal specification in cleavage stage embryos (Wikramanayake et al., 1998; Logan et al., 1999; Huang et al., 2000; McClay et al., 2000; Vonica et al., 2000). At the late mesenchyme blastula stage, nuclear β-catenin is present specifically within the nu ...
6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase and Glucose-6
... and Plasmodium berghii are reduced during pregnancy (8 –11). Poliomyelitis, influenza, malaria, pneumonia, periodontal disease, acute pyelonephritis, and other infectious diseases have also been reported to have increased incidence or severity during pregnancy (8 –12). Second, autoimmune diseases wi ...
... and Plasmodium berghii are reduced during pregnancy (8 –11). Poliomyelitis, influenza, malaria, pneumonia, periodontal disease, acute pyelonephritis, and other infectious diseases have also been reported to have increased incidence or severity during pregnancy (8 –12). Second, autoimmune diseases wi ...
Architectural remodeling of the tonoplast during fluid
... and endocytosis.43 In each of these processes, membrane vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and various membrane proteins are pinched off from one organelle and delivered to other subcellular or extracellular compartments that are undergoing expansion or reconstruction.43 During cell growth, much of ...
... and endocytosis.43 In each of these processes, membrane vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and various membrane proteins are pinched off from one organelle and delivered to other subcellular or extracellular compartments that are undergoing expansion or reconstruction.43 During cell growth, much of ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.