Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... organisms on this planet. They have survived for millions of years by adapting to their ever-changing surroundings. Life as it is for humans would be impossible without the presence of bacteria, as they perform essential processes such as fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and the decompositio ...
... organisms on this planet. They have survived for millions of years by adapting to their ever-changing surroundings. Life as it is for humans would be impossible without the presence of bacteria, as they perform essential processes such as fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and the decompositio ...
Characterization of rat epimorphin/syntaxin 2 expression suggests a
... The molecular basis of gut morphogenesis and cryptvillus axis formation has been the subject of intensive investigation (41). In the intestine and in other epithelial tissues such as skin and lung, direct cell-cell contact between mesenchyme and endoderm is required for epithelial morphogenesis and ...
... The molecular basis of gut morphogenesis and cryptvillus axis formation has been the subject of intensive investigation (41). In the intestine and in other epithelial tissues such as skin and lung, direct cell-cell contact between mesenchyme and endoderm is required for epithelial morphogenesis and ...
Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
... cytochrome-c. Release of cytochrome-c facilitates the formation of the apoptosome with Apaf-1 and dATP, which recruits caspase-9 and triggers its activation.3 In many cases, the active initiator caspases are required for processing and activation of effector caspases that cleave a wide range of cell ...
... cytochrome-c. Release of cytochrome-c facilitates the formation of the apoptosome with Apaf-1 and dATP, which recruits caspase-9 and triggers its activation.3 In many cases, the active initiator caspases are required for processing and activation of effector caspases that cleave a wide range of cell ...
M6PRs are found in a subset of PC12 cell ISGs
... definition of this compartment in a variety of cell types (for review see Tooze, 1991; Arvan and Castle, 1998). The consensus from morphological and more recent biochemical ...
... definition of this compartment in a variety of cell types (for review see Tooze, 1991; Arvan and Castle, 1998). The consensus from morphological and more recent biochemical ...
S. cerevisiae Mitotic Exit Activator
... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the workhorses of the cell cycle. The CDK is the catalytic kinase subunit, which must associate with a regulatory cyclin subunit in order to be active (Morgan, 1997). The expression of each cyclin subunit is confined to a small window during the cell cycle via tra ...
... Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the workhorses of the cell cycle. The CDK is the catalytic kinase subunit, which must associate with a regulatory cyclin subunit in order to be active (Morgan, 1997). The expression of each cyclin subunit is confined to a small window during the cell cycle via tra ...
6e430d442f8069e
... From this center bone formation spread rapidly backward below the mental nerve & lie in a notch on the lateral side of the inferior dental nerve. In this notch the bone grow medially below the incisive nerve & soon afterward it goes upward between the incisive nerve & meckel’s car. so contained in a ...
... From this center bone formation spread rapidly backward below the mental nerve & lie in a notch on the lateral side of the inferior dental nerve. In this notch the bone grow medially below the incisive nerve & soon afterward it goes upward between the incisive nerve & meckel’s car. so contained in a ...
Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and
... thick root hairs that often bulge at their tips (Zabotina et al. 2012), indicating that xyloglucan is required for normal expansion in tip-growing root hairs. A b-GalA-containing xyloglucan was reported to be exclusively present in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs (Peña et al. 2012). Mutants that la ...
... thick root hairs that often bulge at their tips (Zabotina et al. 2012), indicating that xyloglucan is required for normal expansion in tip-growing root hairs. A b-GalA-containing xyloglucan was reported to be exclusively present in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs (Peña et al. 2012). Mutants that la ...
Midgut and muscle development in Drosophila melanogaster
... express genes in a directed fashion. This is achieved by overexpressing the gene of interest in a desired tissue or cell type and analyzing its effects at different developmental stages. This is done by generating transgenic flies expressing a yeast transcriptional activator (GAL4) under the control ...
... express genes in a directed fashion. This is achieved by overexpressing the gene of interest in a desired tissue or cell type and analyzing its effects at different developmental stages. This is done by generating transgenic flies expressing a yeast transcriptional activator (GAL4) under the control ...
THE PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INACTIVATION OF
... Whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci were readily ingested and rapidly killed in normal serum, coagulase-positive staphylococci survived because of their resistance to phagocytosis. In immune serum, in which comparable rates of phagocytosis prevailed, coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative st ...
... Whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci were readily ingested and rapidly killed in normal serum, coagulase-positive staphylococci survived because of their resistance to phagocytosis. In immune serum, in which comparable rates of phagocytosis prevailed, coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative st ...
Thesis-1972D-H792p
... CHAPTER. I INTRODUCTION Because cell division is by its nature a very complex process, there are many different aspects of the phenomenon that could be investigated. ...
... CHAPTER. I INTRODUCTION Because cell division is by its nature a very complex process, there are many different aspects of the phenomenon that could be investigated. ...
1 METT-10, A Putative Methyltransferase, Inhibits Germ
... We confirmed that the suspected ectopic proliferating cells are cycling with the nucleotide analog, EdU, which labels replicating DNA in S-phase (SALIC and MITCHISON 2008). In wild type germ lines, a 3 hour EdU pulse labels most cells in the proliferative zone, but not in the adjacent meiotic regio ...
... We confirmed that the suspected ectopic proliferating cells are cycling with the nucleotide analog, EdU, which labels replicating DNA in S-phase (SALIC and MITCHISON 2008). In wild type germ lines, a 3 hour EdU pulse labels most cells in the proliferative zone, but not in the adjacent meiotic regio ...
b-1,3 Glucan Sulfate, but Not b-1,3 Glucan, Induces
... is only biologically active and binds to its receptor in the presence of a specific sulfated oligosaccharide fragment of heparan sulfate that binds to both the growth factor and its receptor (Pye et al., 1998). Thus, there is growing evidence that biomolecules substituted with sulfate groups are inv ...
... is only biologically active and binds to its receptor in the presence of a specific sulfated oligosaccharide fragment of heparan sulfate that binds to both the growth factor and its receptor (Pye et al., 1998). Thus, there is growing evidence that biomolecules substituted with sulfate groups are inv ...
Cell adhesion and cell mechanics during zebrafish
... and build complex structures such as eyes, heart or brain (see Fig. 1.1). But how can cells that originate from a single ancestor control all these processes? Surely, an important aspect are differences in gene expression among the emergent cell types [2]. At the end, however, it is not sufficient t ...
... and build complex structures such as eyes, heart or brain (see Fig. 1.1). But how can cells that originate from a single ancestor control all these processes? Surely, an important aspect are differences in gene expression among the emergent cell types [2]. At the end, however, it is not sufficient t ...
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... were absent in all explants cultured with hydrocortisone only (Fig. 6). These blastemata exhibited a scarcity of cells and further growth of the regenerating spinal cord or fin was not observed. The epidermis became thickened and squamous and was accompanied by heavy molting. The results obtained wi ...
... were absent in all explants cultured with hydrocortisone only (Fig. 6). These blastemata exhibited a scarcity of cells and further growth of the regenerating spinal cord or fin was not observed. The epidermis became thickened and squamous and was accompanied by heavy molting. The results obtained wi ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
... start to populate host cells symplast in a so-called zone of infection. Infected cells undergo polyploidization, enlarge and differentiate into fully matured symbiotic cells (Vinardell et al., 2003)2003. The symbiosomes in indeterminate nodules contain normally one, rarely two bacteria. The symbioso ...
... start to populate host cells symplast in a so-called zone of infection. Infected cells undergo polyploidization, enlarge and differentiate into fully matured symbiotic cells (Vinardell et al., 2003)2003. The symbiosomes in indeterminate nodules contain normally one, rarely two bacteria. The symbioso ...
51:64-72 - Boston College
... acquired, forgoing the need for strict incubation conditions such as those provided by CO2 imaging chambers [11]. The primary benefit of X. laevis for these studies, however, is its large growth cones, which can be up to 10–30 m in diameter and are perfect for clear and detailed analysis of subcellu ...
... acquired, forgoing the need for strict incubation conditions such as those provided by CO2 imaging chambers [11]. The primary benefit of X. laevis for these studies, however, is its large growth cones, which can be up to 10–30 m in diameter and are perfect for clear and detailed analysis of subcellu ...
Evidence for an Extracellular Reception Site for Abscisic
... as a physiological response to drought stress. Severa1 basic questions limit an understandingof the mechanism of ABA reception in guard c e k Whether primary ABA receptors are located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, within the intracellular space of guard cells, or both remains unk ...
... as a physiological response to drought stress. Severa1 basic questions limit an understandingof the mechanism of ABA reception in guard c e k Whether primary ABA receptors are located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, within the intracellular space of guard cells, or both remains unk ...
Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein Isoforms as Markers for Vacuolar Functions
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
Insights into the Role of Specific Lipids in the
... and signal transduction (Simons and Ikonen, 1997; Brown and London, 1998; Keller and Simons, 1998; Simons and Toomre, 2000; Simons and Vaz, 2004; Hancock, 2006). Similar microdomains in the PM of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, enriched in ergosterol, have also been reported (Bagnat et al., ...
... and signal transduction (Simons and Ikonen, 1997; Brown and London, 1998; Keller and Simons, 1998; Simons and Toomre, 2000; Simons and Vaz, 2004; Hancock, 2006). Similar microdomains in the PM of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, enriched in ergosterol, have also been reported (Bagnat et al., ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
... The polarising region, paradoxically, is associated with a major area of programmed cell death in developing limbs: the posterior necrotic zone. Programmed cell death is a welldocumented feature of normal embryonic development (Glücksmann, 1951) and the existence of an evolutionarily conserved genet ...
... The polarising region, paradoxically, is associated with a major area of programmed cell death in developing limbs: the posterior necrotic zone. Programmed cell death is a welldocumented feature of normal embryonic development (Glücksmann, 1951) and the existence of an evolutionarily conserved genet ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).