Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore
... to have direct physical or genetic interactions with Mad2 (Batisse et al. 2009; Costanzo et al. 2010; Barford 2011). Also, three of the SPIs, Ame1, Cdc5, and Doa4, are encoded by genes with known genetic interactions with MAD2 (Li et al. 1997; Daniel et al. 2006; Chiroli et al. 2009) (Figure S1D). T ...
... to have direct physical or genetic interactions with Mad2 (Batisse et al. 2009; Costanzo et al. 2010; Barford 2011). Also, three of the SPIs, Ame1, Cdc5, and Doa4, are encoded by genes with known genetic interactions with MAD2 (Li et al. 1997; Daniel et al. 2006; Chiroli et al. 2009) (Figure S1D). T ...
Robust mechanisms of ventral furrow invagination require the
... with the apical surfaces facing outwards (figure 1). Each cell maintains lateral contacts with its two neighbouring epithelial cells. Then, over a period of ∼15 min, a single morphogenetic movement transforms this simple topology into a multilayered structure by inducing the internalization of cells ...
... with the apical surfaces facing outwards (figure 1). Each cell maintains lateral contacts with its two neighbouring epithelial cells. Then, over a period of ∼15 min, a single morphogenetic movement transforms this simple topology into a multilayered structure by inducing the internalization of cells ...
BMP binding domains in the extracellular space
... interest, the molecular mechanism by which Chordin/BMP complexes are regulated by Tolloid proteases, including the properties of the cleavage products, remains unknown. Chordin, like Sog in Drosophila, contains four cysteine-rich repeats (CRs) that share similarities, particularly in the spacing of ...
... interest, the molecular mechanism by which Chordin/BMP complexes are regulated by Tolloid proteases, including the properties of the cleavage products, remains unknown. Chordin, like Sog in Drosophila, contains four cysteine-rich repeats (CRs) that share similarities, particularly in the spacing of ...
Gantz and Lee 2015 - units.miamioh.edu
... and early-to-mid autumn, larvae are susceptible to desiccation if removed from the high humidity environment in their galls (Williams et al., 2004; Williams and Lee, 2005). In winter, coldhardened larvae are more resistant to desiccation than all but the most xeric-adapted insects (Ramlov and Lee, 2 ...
... and early-to-mid autumn, larvae are susceptible to desiccation if removed from the high humidity environment in their galls (Williams et al., 2004; Williams and Lee, 2005). In winter, coldhardened larvae are more resistant to desiccation than all but the most xeric-adapted insects (Ramlov and Lee, 2 ...
Localization of Ptr ToxA Produced by Pyrenophora tritici
... 2005). The exact mechanism of delivery of these proteins is unclear but is thought to require the intimate contact of the pathogen and plant cell membranes. Viral Avr proteins are produced within infected host cells after the virus has already gained entry (reviewed in Culver, 1996). To date, no pro ...
... 2005). The exact mechanism of delivery of these proteins is unclear but is thought to require the intimate contact of the pathogen and plant cell membranes. Viral Avr proteins are produced within infected host cells after the virus has already gained entry (reviewed in Culver, 1996). To date, no pro ...
- Wiley Online Library
... First, an earlier study [17] using transcriptomic profiling of human ESCs and their differentiated progenies identified ZNF281 as one of the upregulated transcriptional regulators in undifferentiated human ESCs. Second, a study of c-Mycassociated proteins in both colorectal cancer cells and human embr ...
... First, an earlier study [17] using transcriptomic profiling of human ESCs and their differentiated progenies identified ZNF281 as one of the upregulated transcriptional regulators in undifferentiated human ESCs. Second, a study of c-Mycassociated proteins in both colorectal cancer cells and human embr ...
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... alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receiving both signals exhibits only Wnt pathway activity. This suggests that Wnt inhibits Notch activity to promote a Wnt-ON/Notch-OFF output; but what might underpin this Notch regulation is not understood. Here, we show that Wnt acts via Dishevelled to inhibit ...
... alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receiving both signals exhibits only Wnt pathway activity. This suggests that Wnt inhibits Notch activity to promote a Wnt-ON/Notch-OFF output; but what might underpin this Notch regulation is not understood. Here, we show that Wnt acts via Dishevelled to inhibit ...
Good news in the nuclear envelope: loss of lamin A might be a gain
... such strategy is based on the oligonucleotide-mediated suppression of a cryptic pre-mRNA splice site in lamin A, whose activation leads to the production of the mutant prelamin A isoform in the first place (15). Since the cryptic splice site has high homology with the correct splice site within the ...
... such strategy is based on the oligonucleotide-mediated suppression of a cryptic pre-mRNA splice site in lamin A, whose activation leads to the production of the mutant prelamin A isoform in the first place (15). Since the cryptic splice site has high homology with the correct splice site within the ...
The PDZ-GEF Dizzy regulates cell shape of migrating macrophages
... not noticeably affected in dizzy⌬n mutants. dizzy is required not only for proper macrophage migration, but also for the cells to adopt their normal size and shape. In dizzy mutants, macrophages formed smaller protrusions than those in wild-type embryos (Fig. 2C,D,G,H). The average lengths of the pr ...
... not noticeably affected in dizzy⌬n mutants. dizzy is required not only for proper macrophage migration, but also for the cells to adopt their normal size and shape. In dizzy mutants, macrophages formed smaller protrusions than those in wild-type embryos (Fig. 2C,D,G,H). The average lengths of the pr ...
![BIO171_04_Larynx [screen displays model of larynx] [Barbara](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/011275299_1-52f2f3707abb097879e4f0a948f9cde9-300x300.png)
BIO171_04_Larynx [screen displays model of larynx] [Barbara
... the larynx in more detail, so let’s get oriented. Here is the hyoid bone. Remember the hyoid bones claim to fame is that it’s the only bone in the body not connected to another bone. There’s a membrane that connects the hyoid bone here to the larynx. This specific part of the larynx is called the th ...
... the larynx in more detail, so let’s get oriented. Here is the hyoid bone. Remember the hyoid bones claim to fame is that it’s the only bone in the body not connected to another bone. There’s a membrane that connects the hyoid bone here to the larynx. This specific part of the larynx is called the th ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
... and other building blocks that can be subsequently released on demand. Because of the high conservation of lysosomal enzymes and permeases between yeast and mammals, it is likely that the mammalian lysosome has a similar ability for selective retention and release of metabolic building blocks. Throu ...
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review I Bone Homeostasis
... osteoid and bone mineralisation continues, osteoblasts become surrounded by mineralised bone. At this stage, osteoblasts progressively lose their bone-forming capability and are termed osteocytes. Osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that break down osteoid by a process known as bone resorption.36 ...
... osteoid and bone mineralisation continues, osteoblasts become surrounded by mineralised bone. At this stage, osteoblasts progressively lose their bone-forming capability and are termed osteocytes. Osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that break down osteoid by a process known as bone resorption.36 ...
Dissection of Cell Division Processes in the One Cell Stage
... and mounted intact on an agarose pad to observe embryogenesis in utero (Kirby et al., 1990). Although early events could usually be scored with confidence in this manner, the resolution achieved by viewing through the body wall does not equal that achieved by observing dissected embryos. Therefore, ...
... and mounted intact on an agarose pad to observe embryogenesis in utero (Kirby et al., 1990). Although early events could usually be scored with confidence in this manner, the resolution achieved by viewing through the body wall does not equal that achieved by observing dissected embryos. Therefore, ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... (0.9–1.5 mm across) filamentous sheaths (Fig. 1a–c and Supplementary Figs 8–9), and Type 1 Animikiea comprises empty sheaths more than 3 mm across (Fig. 2a–c and Supplementary Fig. 10). The size of quartz crystals inside Type 1 filaments varies from several tens of nanometres to a few micrometres simi ...
... (0.9–1.5 mm across) filamentous sheaths (Fig. 1a–c and Supplementary Figs 8–9), and Type 1 Animikiea comprises empty sheaths more than 3 mm across (Fig. 2a–c and Supplementary Fig. 10). The size of quartz crystals inside Type 1 filaments varies from several tens of nanometres to a few micrometres simi ...
ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... Cell division, growth, and differentiation are basic processes underlying plant development. Plant cell growth is a complex process, as the cells are surrounded by a cell wall that limits enlargement of the cell. Therefore, plant cell growth requires a wellcoordinated and tightly controlled expansio ...
... Cell division, growth, and differentiation are basic processes underlying plant development. Plant cell growth is a complex process, as the cells are surrounded by a cell wall that limits enlargement of the cell. Therefore, plant cell growth requires a wellcoordinated and tightly controlled expansio ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... large unstructured loop joining the inhibitory N terminus and the BH3-containing C terminus. Cleavage can be achieved by a variety of proteases; e.g., caspase-8 (via death receptors), granzyme B (cytotoxic lymphocytes), and caspase-2 (via heat shock). The proapoptotic function of BID is also enhance ...
... large unstructured loop joining the inhibitory N terminus and the BH3-containing C terminus. Cleavage can be achieved by a variety of proteases; e.g., caspase-8 (via death receptors), granzyme B (cytotoxic lymphocytes), and caspase-2 (via heat shock). The proapoptotic function of BID is also enhance ...
Involvement of the Sieve Element Cytoskeleton in
... cytoskeleton in SEs. Despite the massive circumstantial evidence, however, a complete cytoskeleton network and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell t ...
... cytoskeleton in SEs. Despite the massive circumstantial evidence, however, a complete cytoskeleton network and its spatial distribution in SEs have not been visually documented thus far. The existence of an SE cytoskeleton would raise questions regarding its task(s) in this highly specialized cell t ...
... 8), P-selectin (CD62), and E-selectin (CD62E, endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1)). These three selectins are C-type lectins, requiring calcium for their receptor-binding activity. E-selectin, P-selectin and L-selectin all bind to sialylated, fucosylated lactosamine structures, notabl ...
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... Shaggy (Sgg) in Drosophila]. Receptors (Fz and LRP5/6) are activated by Wnt signal to disassemble the destruction complex, leading to the stabilization of β-catenin, its translocation into the nucleus and the induction of transcription of Wnt target genes (Logan and Nusse, 2004). However, this canon ...
... Shaggy (Sgg) in Drosophila]. Receptors (Fz and LRP5/6) are activated by Wnt signal to disassemble the destruction complex, leading to the stabilization of β-catenin, its translocation into the nucleus and the induction of transcription of Wnt target genes (Logan and Nusse, 2004). However, this canon ...
Plant Wnt: deciphering a novel signalling pathway
... cascade, the non-canonical pathway does not bank on catenin to carry out downstream signalling, hence is known as -catenin independent Wnt signalling. PCP signalling is involved mainly in the regulation of cell polarity during morphogenesis by activating JNK-dependent transcription factors via sma ...
... cascade, the non-canonical pathway does not bank on catenin to carry out downstream signalling, hence is known as -catenin independent Wnt signalling. PCP signalling is involved mainly in the regulation of cell polarity during morphogenesis by activating JNK-dependent transcription factors via sma ...
Possible Involvement of Phosphoinositide-Ca
... In mammalian cells, inositol phospholipid turnover has been established as an important step in signal transduction across the plasma membrane via second messengers. Breakdown of phosphatidylinositols in response to external stimuli is catalyzed by inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC ...
... In mammalian cells, inositol phospholipid turnover has been established as an important step in signal transduction across the plasma membrane via second messengers. Breakdown of phosphatidylinositols in response to external stimuli is catalyzed by inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC ...
Comparative study of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms
... fibroblasts (GFs) are successfully implicated for cell therapy of many organs including cornea, trachea, urethra, vocal cords and in the reconstruction of eyelids (Fournier et al. 2013). Our team focuses on the use of gingival fibroblasts in cell therapy in the treatment of aortic aneurysms. This di ...
... fibroblasts (GFs) are successfully implicated for cell therapy of many organs including cornea, trachea, urethra, vocal cords and in the reconstruction of eyelids (Fournier et al. 2013). Our team focuses on the use of gingival fibroblasts in cell therapy in the treatment of aortic aneurysms. This di ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).