Reduce Formation of SLP-76 Linker of Activated T Cells and SLP
... over multiple rounds (17). In vivo, Nef strongly boosts virus replication particularly during primary infection and is critical for rapid disease progression (18–20). This role of Nef as a pathogenicity factor is also revealed in transgenic mice in which Nef expression induces AIDS-like depletion of ...
... over multiple rounds (17). In vivo, Nef strongly boosts virus replication particularly during primary infection and is critical for rapid disease progression (18–20). This role of Nef as a pathogenicity factor is also revealed in transgenic mice in which Nef expression induces AIDS-like depletion of ...
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
... Additionally, interfering with MEK1 signaling via expression of dominant-negative mutants, use of chemical inhibitors, or RNA interference (RNAi) significantly delays mitotic entry (Wright et al., 1999; Roberts et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2004), suggesting the existence of a novel mitotic target of ME ...
... Additionally, interfering with MEK1 signaling via expression of dominant-negative mutants, use of chemical inhibitors, or RNA interference (RNAi) significantly delays mitotic entry (Wright et al., 1999; Roberts et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2004), suggesting the existence of a novel mitotic target of ME ...
Multicellular trichomes in Arabidopsis - Development
... and co-workers (Hemerly et al., 1995) introduced a dominantnegative mutant of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase gene into transgenic tobacco plants, which resulted in plants with essentially normal morphology, but fewer and larger cells. In another study, overexpression of a mitotic B-cyclin in Arab ...
... and co-workers (Hemerly et al., 1995) introduced a dominantnegative mutant of a mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase gene into transgenic tobacco plants, which resulted in plants with essentially normal morphology, but fewer and larger cells. In another study, overexpression of a mitotic B-cyclin in Arab ...
ykl-40 as a novel factor associated with inflammation and
... knowledge, this is the first study showing that YKL-40 correlates positively with MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the synovial fluid and in cartilage culture medium. Further, YKL-40 correlated with IL-6 and IL-17 in synovial fluid and both IL6 and IL-17 enhanced YKL-40 production in primary OA chondrocytes. YKL- ...
... knowledge, this is the first study showing that YKL-40 correlates positively with MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the synovial fluid and in cartilage culture medium. Further, YKL-40 correlated with IL-6 and IL-17 in synovial fluid and both IL6 and IL-17 enhanced YKL-40 production in primary OA chondrocytes. YKL- ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. Here we dissect the dynamics of COPI in intact cells using live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery aft ...
... between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. Here we dissect the dynamics of COPI in intact cells using live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery aft ...
In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from
... between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. Here we dissect the dynamics of COPI in intact cells using live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery aft ...
... between COPI and COPII for the maintenance of ER protein export, the mechanisms by which COPI influences COPII-mediated protein transport from the ER in plant cells are largely uncharacterized. Here we dissect the dynamics of COPI in intact cells using live-cell imaging and fluorescence recovery aft ...
CDK5 is a major regulator of the tumor suppressor DLC1
... The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge 02142, MA ...
... The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge 02142, MA ...
Effects of phytanic acid on the vitamin E status, lipid composition and
... physicochemical properties of membranes and their associated functions. It has been suggested, for example, that the demyelination that occurs in ARD is a result of myelin destabilization due to incorporation of phytanic acid into its structure [7]. An accumulation of phytanic acid in the retina may ...
... physicochemical properties of membranes and their associated functions. It has been suggested, for example, that the demyelination that occurs in ARD is a result of myelin destabilization due to incorporation of phytanic acid into its structure [7]. An accumulation of phytanic acid in the retina may ...
Plant cell walls to ethanol
... 36 (3 nm×5 nm width) with exceptionally high DPs (degrees of polymerization) [12]. For corn stover, the mean DP is 6000 in primary walls and 14 000 in secondary walls [13]. Formation of the arrays is controlled by transmembrane assembly complexes, termed rosettes, which ensure that individual glucan ...
... 36 (3 nm×5 nm width) with exceptionally high DPs (degrees of polymerization) [12]. For corn stover, the mean DP is 6000 in primary walls and 14 000 in secondary walls [13]. Formation of the arrays is controlled by transmembrane assembly complexes, termed rosettes, which ensure that individual glucan ...
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... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
New insights into root gravitropic signalling
... into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane may be involved in the graviperception. This hypothesis is based on observations in rhizoids of the green algae ...
... into a moving physiological signal. It has been proposed that an interaction between the sedimenting amyloplasts and proteins belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane may be involved in the graviperception. This hypothesis is based on observations in rhizoids of the green algae ...
Primary and immortalized mouse epicardial cells undergo
... Smads 2 and 3 (Kretzschmar and Massague, 1998). These activated RSmads complex with Smad 4 and translocate into the nucleus to alter gene transcription. TGF can activate additional downstream effectors including RhoA (Bhowmick et al., 2001a, 2003; Edlund et al., 2002; Masszi et al., 2003; Deaton et ...
... Smads 2 and 3 (Kretzschmar and Massague, 1998). These activated RSmads complex with Smad 4 and translocate into the nucleus to alter gene transcription. TGF can activate additional downstream effectors including RhoA (Bhowmick et al., 2001a, 2003; Edlund et al., 2002; Masszi et al., 2003; Deaton et ...
Increased Susceptibility of the Sickle Cell Membrane
... are subject to many changes due to the polymerization of hemoglobin S . Some of the membrane changes include: altered ion transport, altered cytoskeletal structure, phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, and reduced enzyme function.‘ These changes appear to be associated with the formation of de ...
... are subject to many changes due to the polymerization of hemoglobin S . Some of the membrane changes include: altered ion transport, altered cytoskeletal structure, phosphatidylserine transmembrane movement, and reduced enzyme function.‘ These changes appear to be associated with the formation of de ...
Acetylation of Polysaccharides in Plant Cell Wall
... (GalA). HG is the most abundant pectin and its content may reach 65% of cell wall dry weight (Albersheim, 2011; Mohnen, 2008). RG-I has α, 1-4 linked GalA and Rha disaccharide backbone and the rhamnose can be substituted with Ara, Gal, Fuc and glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues. Typically, in dicots 20 ...
... (GalA). HG is the most abundant pectin and its content may reach 65% of cell wall dry weight (Albersheim, 2011; Mohnen, 2008). RG-I has α, 1-4 linked GalA and Rha disaccharide backbone and the rhamnose can be substituted with Ara, Gal, Fuc and glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues. Typically, in dicots 20 ...
histology of organogenic and embryogenic responses in cotyledons
... Detached Cotyledons Cultured on Medium with BA and NAA (Fig. 5) The detached cotyledons on medium with BA and NAA followed a maturation process similar to that described for the attached cotyledons cultured without PGRs. Only small differences were observed. Detached cotyledons grew more regular in ...
... Detached Cotyledons Cultured on Medium with BA and NAA (Fig. 5) The detached cotyledons on medium with BA and NAA followed a maturation process similar to that described for the attached cotyledons cultured without PGRs. Only small differences were observed. Detached cotyledons grew more regular in ...
Control of cell differentiation and morphogenesis in amphibian
... in unfertilized eggs and blastulae of Xenopus has been demonstrated (Asashima el al., 1991b) even before the 16-cell stage of early embryos (Fukui et al.. 1994). Activin homologs are, indeed, contained in an egg of Xenopus laevis in a considerable amount (about 1 pg/egg) as a maternal protein. These ...
... in unfertilized eggs and blastulae of Xenopus has been demonstrated (Asashima el al., 1991b) even before the 16-cell stage of early embryos (Fukui et al.. 1994). Activin homologs are, indeed, contained in an egg of Xenopus laevis in a considerable amount (about 1 pg/egg) as a maternal protein. These ...
Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism
... Luu and Maurel, 2005) present in their membranes. Jauh et al. (1999) showed that the tonoplast of storage vacuoles contains d-TIP (tonoplast intrinsic protein), while the tonoplast of protein storage vacuoles containing seed-type storage proteins are marked by a-TIP and d-TIP, and sometimes with c-T ...
... Luu and Maurel, 2005) present in their membranes. Jauh et al. (1999) showed that the tonoplast of storage vacuoles contains d-TIP (tonoplast intrinsic protein), while the tonoplast of protein storage vacuoles containing seed-type storage proteins are marked by a-TIP and d-TIP, and sometimes with c-T ...
Staphylococcus aureus Complement-Independent Phagocytosis of
... SAP recognizes PGNs Bacterial PGNs are covalently modified with WTA via a phosphodiester linkage (19). Because of previous data indicating that staphylococcal WTA blocks PGN recognition protein-SA (PGRPSA) from binding to PGN during induction of the innate immune system in insects (32, 33), together ...
... SAP recognizes PGNs Bacterial PGNs are covalently modified with WTA via a phosphodiester linkage (19). Because of previous data indicating that staphylococcal WTA blocks PGN recognition protein-SA (PGRPSA) from binding to PGN during induction of the innate immune system in insects (32, 33), together ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).