Cells are Either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
... Communication Among Plant Cells • Plant cells have channels, called plasmodesmata, that are always open and hence have the effect of making the cytoplasm of one plant cell continuous with that of another. ...
... Communication Among Plant Cells • Plant cells have channels, called plasmodesmata, that are always open and hence have the effect of making the cytoplasm of one plant cell continuous with that of another. ...
Two-step process for photoreceptor formation inDrosophila
... four days later, during pupal development2,3. It is thought that photoreceptor cell fate is irreversibly established during larval development, when each photoreceptor expresses a particular set of transcriptional regulators and sends its projection to different layers of the optic lobes. Here, we s ...
... four days later, during pupal development2,3. It is thought that photoreceptor cell fate is irreversibly established during larval development, when each photoreceptor expresses a particular set of transcriptional regulators and sends its projection to different layers of the optic lobes. Here, we s ...
YSK1 is activated by the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and plays a
... Because GM130 appears to function as a Golgi apparatus localized scaffold protein for YSK1, the relationship between YSK1 kinase activity and GM130 binding was investigated. A preliminary analysis of recombinant YSK1 purified from insect cells found that the pure kinase showed no activity toward the ...
... Because GM130 appears to function as a Golgi apparatus localized scaffold protein for YSK1, the relationship between YSK1 kinase activity and GM130 binding was investigated. A preliminary analysis of recombinant YSK1 purified from insect cells found that the pure kinase showed no activity toward the ...
necessary amino acids and vitamins
... Only 2 amino acids and one vitamin were found to be essential for the growth of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts when 10 % undialysed calf serum was used as a medium supplement. These amino acids were either glutamine + cysteine or serine + homocysteine. Replacing cysteine or homocysteine wi ...
... Only 2 amino acids and one vitamin were found to be essential for the growth of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts when 10 % undialysed calf serum was used as a medium supplement. These amino acids were either glutamine + cysteine or serine + homocysteine. Replacing cysteine or homocysteine wi ...
The plant endoplasmic reticulum: a cell-wide web
... ER network, but does perturb tubule extension and remodelling [29]. While microtubule depolymerization appears to have no effect on ER dynamics in mature, non-growing cells [20], it does affect the cortical network in elongating characean internodal cells [30]. ER in characean internodal cells can b ...
... ER network, but does perturb tubule extension and remodelling [29]. While microtubule depolymerization appears to have no effect on ER dynamics in mature, non-growing cells [20], it does affect the cortical network in elongating characean internodal cells [30]. ER in characean internodal cells can b ...
Transfected Connexin45 Alters Gap Junction Permeability in Cells
... day before assay, cells were harvested with trypsin/EDTA. Approximately one third of these cells were replated for use the next day as donor cells at 107 cells/100-mm tissue culture dish (Sarstedt, Newton, NC). The rest of the cells (2 x 107) were labeled with a nontransferrable dye, PKH26 (17), usi ...
... day before assay, cells were harvested with trypsin/EDTA. Approximately one third of these cells were replated for use the next day as donor cells at 107 cells/100-mm tissue culture dish (Sarstedt, Newton, NC). The rest of the cells (2 x 107) were labeled with a nontransferrable dye, PKH26 (17), usi ...
Activation of the Cell Wall Degrading Protease, Lysin, during Sexual
... and Weiss (22) and Matsuda et al. (20) have presented evidence that the enzyme is stored outside of the plasma membrane, possibly in the periplasm. These workers showed that cells without walls do not contain lysin. Other studies on the enzyme indicate that the enzyme is a metaUoendoprotease that ac ...
... and Weiss (22) and Matsuda et al. (20) have presented evidence that the enzyme is stored outside of the plasma membrane, possibly in the periplasm. These workers showed that cells without walls do not contain lysin. Other studies on the enzyme indicate that the enzyme is a metaUoendoprotease that ac ...
In vivo characterization of the properties of SUMO1
... is therefore an attractive approach to specifically perturb SUMOylation in vivo. For example, expression of an artificial SIM peptide has been shown to decrease protein–protein interactions necessary for DNA damage repair [17]. However, most SIM peptides do not discriminate between different SUMO is ...
... is therefore an attractive approach to specifically perturb SUMOylation in vivo. For example, expression of an artificial SIM peptide has been shown to decrease protein–protein interactions necessary for DNA damage repair [17]. However, most SIM peptides do not discriminate between different SUMO is ...
A Model for Cell Proliferation in a Developing Organism
... Proliferation. A cell is selected uniformly at random. If the cell at site i is selected, it moves to site i + 1 pushing all cells to the right of it up by one. A new unmarked cell now occupies site i. Times between proliferation events are iid exp(λ). Equivalently. You can think of independent homo ...
... Proliferation. A cell is selected uniformly at random. If the cell at site i is selected, it moves to site i + 1 pushing all cells to the right of it up by one. A new unmarked cell now occupies site i. Times between proliferation events are iid exp(λ). Equivalently. You can think of independent homo ...
Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in
... defined by a central cell surrounded by a corona of neighbouring cells were followed over 2-min windows12. We quantified how fast each of these domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells ...
... defined by a central cell surrounded by a corona of neighbouring cells were followed over 2-min windows12. We quantified how fast each of these domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells ...
Using glyco-engineering to produce therapeutic proteins
... related to N-glycosylation site occupancy. Yet, the individual roles of distinct OST catalytic subunits and their accessory proteins are still not fully understood in eukaryotes making rational approaches difficult. Moreover, a recent study has indicated that overexpression of individual subunits is ...
... related to N-glycosylation site occupancy. Yet, the individual roles of distinct OST catalytic subunits and their accessory proteins are still not fully understood in eukaryotes making rational approaches difficult. Moreover, a recent study has indicated that overexpression of individual subunits is ...
Human skin cells support thymus- independent T cell development
... T cells play a central role in the human adaptive immune system, discriminating self from non-self, directing less specific elements of the immune system in the performance of effector functions, and serving as a repository for immunologic memory (1). The ability to generate T cells suitable for use ...
... T cells play a central role in the human adaptive immune system, discriminating self from non-self, directing less specific elements of the immune system in the performance of effector functions, and serving as a repository for immunologic memory (1). The ability to generate T cells suitable for use ...
Endocytosis of Viruses and Bacteria
... is 1– 5 mm in length. It has a cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, and it lacks a nucleus. Some have an additional outer membrane, and some have appendages such as flagella that they use to move in the environment or pili that they use for adhesion to inert surfaces, host cells, and even to other b ...
... is 1– 5 mm in length. It has a cell membrane and a rigid cell wall, and it lacks a nucleus. Some have an additional outer membrane, and some have appendages such as flagella that they use to move in the environment or pili that they use for adhesion to inert surfaces, host cells, and even to other b ...
Tan2
... distribution and abundance (> 800 eukaryotic peptides described) throughout the animal and plant kingdoms suggests that antimicrobial peptides have served a fundamental role in the successful evolution of complex multicellular organisms. The fundamental structural principle underlying all classes is ...
... distribution and abundance (> 800 eukaryotic peptides described) throughout the animal and plant kingdoms suggests that antimicrobial peptides have served a fundamental role in the successful evolution of complex multicellular organisms. The fundamental structural principle underlying all classes is ...
Roots, Stems, Leaves Notes PPT
... Types of Roots In some plants, the primary root grows long and thick and is called a taproot. Fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest. ...
... Types of Roots In some plants, the primary root grows long and thick and is called a taproot. Fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest. ...
Segregation of object and background motion in the
... angle, or about 60 cone receptive fields, at an average speed of approximately 0.5 degrees s21, and any processing of visual information must occur on the background of this drifting motion5. ...
... angle, or about 60 cone receptive fields, at an average speed of approximately 0.5 degrees s21, and any processing of visual information must occur on the background of this drifting motion5. ...
Plant ER geometry and dynamics: A complex web of cytoskeletal
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the starting point for the secretory pathway and can be viewed as a biosynthetic hub within the cell. It consists of a large interconnected network of flattened cisternal regions (also referred to as sheets) and tubules, which form three-way junctions and blunt ends ...
... The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the starting point for the secretory pathway and can be viewed as a biosynthetic hub within the cell. It consists of a large interconnected network of flattened cisternal regions (also referred to as sheets) and tubules, which form three-way junctions and blunt ends ...
Induction of somatic embryogenesis as an example of stress
... efficient in this respect, we may get closer to understanding the processes underlying the induction phase of SE”. In carrot SE 2,4-D is required for the initiation of a program that can proceed further on its own, while the removal of 2,4-D from the induction medium may be important to control the ...
... efficient in this respect, we may get closer to understanding the processes underlying the induction phase of SE”. In carrot SE 2,4-D is required for the initiation of a program that can proceed further on its own, while the removal of 2,4-D from the induction medium may be important to control the ...
Distributed Processing of Sensory Information
... were consistent with a direct or possibly disynaptic pathway. Connections between interneurons appeared to be rare and hyperpolarization of individual interneurons during local bending produced small but reliable decrements in motor neuron response, suggesting that multiple parallel pathways contrib ...
... were consistent with a direct or possibly disynaptic pathway. Connections between interneurons appeared to be rare and hyperpolarization of individual interneurons during local bending produced small but reliable decrements in motor neuron response, suggesting that multiple parallel pathways contrib ...
Cell cycle exit during terminal erythroid differentiation is associated
... tissue-specific gene expression program. This program is tightly coordinated with cell cycle exit. Commitment to cell division is regulated by a family of G1 cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) (reviewed in Morgan1 and Pavletich2). CDKs are regulated by activating proteins, cyclins, (reviewed in ...
... tissue-specific gene expression program. This program is tightly coordinated with cell cycle exit. Commitment to cell division is regulated by a family of G1 cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) (reviewed in Morgan1 and Pavletich2). CDKs are regulated by activating proteins, cyclins, (reviewed in ...
Atomic Force Microscopy in Cancer Cell Research
... repeated for from 10 to 50 cells from a single cell source, and ideally to do this for cells from three different sources. This results in 1,000 to 15,000 measurements. Obviously, this is impractical to do without automation. Moreover, it is impossible to determine the Young’s modulus of the sample ...
... repeated for from 10 to 50 cells from a single cell source, and ideally to do this for cells from three different sources. This results in 1,000 to 15,000 measurements. Obviously, this is impractical to do without automation. Moreover, it is impossible to determine the Young’s modulus of the sample ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).