Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... human faces, that was used in the present study. These photos have been previously reported to activate monkey amygdala neurons (Tazumi et al., 2010). The facial photos, which were obtained with five human models, consisted of three head orientations: straight ahead (frontal face), 30◦ to the right ...
... human faces, that was used in the present study. These photos have been previously reported to activate monkey amygdala neurons (Tazumi et al., 2010). The facial photos, which were obtained with five human models, consisted of three head orientations: straight ahead (frontal face), 30◦ to the right ...
Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... motor cortex have been correlated with a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive variables, including extrinsic, spatial variables of hand movements such as endpoint position (Georgopoulos et al. 1984), endpoint velocity (Georgopoulos et al. 1982; Moran and Schwartz 1999), endpoint acceleration (Fl ...
... motor cortex have been correlated with a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive variables, including extrinsic, spatial variables of hand movements such as endpoint position (Georgopoulos et al. 1984), endpoint velocity (Georgopoulos et al. 1982; Moran and Schwartz 1999), endpoint acceleration (Fl ...
Dendrite structure
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... With increasing life expectancy during the 20th century, women are likely to live a substantial part of their lives in a state of estrogen deficiency. Hot flushes are for many women the most dramatic and noticeable consequence of loss of ovarian hormones. Loss of bone calcium and osteoporosis, devel ...
... With increasing life expectancy during the 20th century, women are likely to live a substantial part of their lives in a state of estrogen deficiency. Hot flushes are for many women the most dramatic and noticeable consequence of loss of ovarian hormones. Loss of bone calcium and osteoporosis, devel ...
Dendrite structure
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
... (Ostapoff et al. 1994). These descriptors are not readily applicable to stellate neurons in other areas of the brain. In some neurons, dendrites radiate in arbitrary directions from the cell body but are restricted to a planar region. This type of laminar radiation (see Table 1.2) is seen in horizon ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... that nature has accomplished the equivalent to this through billions of years of evolution, employing huge number of processing elements, optimizing each and every system and process from scratch. The only ray of hope is to adopt the right combination of natural processes and imitate this subset of ...
... that nature has accomplished the equivalent to this through billions of years of evolution, employing huge number of processing elements, optimizing each and every system and process from scratch. The only ray of hope is to adopt the right combination of natural processes and imitate this subset of ...
Nervous System - Neuron and Nerve Impulse PowerPoint
... Fight or Flight • heart rate and blood pressure increase • pupils dilate to take in as much light as possible • veins in skin constrict to send more blood to major muscle groups (responsible for the "chill" sometimes associated with fear -- less blood in the skin to keep it warm) • blood-glucose lev ...
... Fight or Flight • heart rate and blood pressure increase • pupils dilate to take in as much light as possible • veins in skin constrict to send more blood to major muscle groups (responsible for the "chill" sometimes associated with fear -- less blood in the skin to keep it warm) • blood-glucose lev ...
Endocannabinoids and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson`s
... antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compounds (minocycline). However, their advantage is that they combine all these properties in a single molecule or in a mixture of two or more CBs. This is extremely important in neurodegenerative disorders as neuronal damage also ...
... antioxidants (coenzyme Q10, N-acetylcysteine); and anti-inflammatory compounds (minocycline). However, their advantage is that they combine all these properties in a single molecule or in a mixture of two or more CBs. This is extremely important in neurodegenerative disorders as neuronal damage also ...
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates the CR area in the cat (Figure 2A), macaque monkey (Figure 2B), c ...
... (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates the CR area in the cat (Figure 2A), macaque monkey (Figure 2B), c ...
Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure
... health [7,8] and are less at risk of developing alcohol abuse problems or engaging in risky sexual behavior [9]. An understanding of the circumstances under which people fail at self-regulation – as well as the brain mechanisms associated with those failures – can provide valuable insights into how ...
... health [7,8] and are less at risk of developing alcohol abuse problems or engaging in risky sexual behavior [9]. An understanding of the circumstances under which people fail at self-regulation – as well as the brain mechanisms associated with those failures – can provide valuable insights into how ...
Failure of the oculomotor neural integrator from a discrete midline
... the abducens nuclei using tungsten microelectrodes advanced from a guide tube. Abducens motoneurons were identified by their characteristic 'singing' discharge, as heard on an audio monitor, that correlated closely with horizontal eye movements. By making many penetrations in grid formation, a stere ...
... the abducens nuclei using tungsten microelectrodes advanced from a guide tube. Abducens motoneurons were identified by their characteristic 'singing' discharge, as heard on an audio monitor, that correlated closely with horizontal eye movements. By making many penetrations in grid formation, a stere ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... Leprflox/flox mice, in which loxP sites flank exon 17 that contains the Box 1 motif crucial for leptin signal transduction,38 were mated with Emx1-Cre mice, in which Cre recombinase was driven by the promoter of the Emx1 gene.39 The Leprflox/ þ , Emx1-Cre offsprings were then bred with Leprflox/flox ...
... Leprflox/flox mice, in which loxP sites flank exon 17 that contains the Box 1 motif crucial for leptin signal transduction,38 were mated with Emx1-Cre mice, in which Cre recombinase was driven by the promoter of the Emx1 gene.39 The Leprflox/ þ , Emx1-Cre offsprings were then bred with Leprflox/flox ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... representation [1]. This requires coordinating the activity of neurons in early regions that code for specific visual features and locations with the activity of neurons at later stages that code for object identity, behavioral relevance and value. For example, the fine spatial and featural details ...
... representation [1]. This requires coordinating the activity of neurons in early regions that code for specific visual features and locations with the activity of neurons at later stages that code for object identity, behavioral relevance and value. For example, the fine spatial and featural details ...
Kiecker and Lumsden - McLoon Lab
... Nakamoto et al. 2011). Nowadays the term organizer is used more widely to describe groups of cells that can determine the fate of neighboring cell populations by emitting molecular signals. The ectopic twin induced in Spemann’s experiment contained a complete CNS that was properly patterned along it ...
... Nakamoto et al. 2011). Nowadays the term organizer is used more widely to describe groups of cells that can determine the fate of neighboring cell populations by emitting molecular signals. The ectopic twin induced in Spemann’s experiment contained a complete CNS that was properly patterned along it ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
PDF file
... networks (FFN) with back-propagation learning, radial basis functions (RBF), self-organization maps (SOM), cascade-correlation learning architecture (CCLA),9 support vector machines (SVM), and incremental hierarchical discriminant regression (IHDR).16 ,44 Much research already exists in the field of ...
... networks (FFN) with back-propagation learning, radial basis functions (RBF), self-organization maps (SOM), cascade-correlation learning architecture (CCLA),9 support vector machines (SVM), and incremental hierarchical discriminant regression (IHDR).16 ,44 Much research already exists in the field of ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
... (SNr) are known to encode saccadic eye movements within some, but not all, behavioral contexts. However, the precise contextual factors that effect the modulations of nigral activity are still uncertain. To further examine the effect of behavioral context on the SNr, we recorded the activity of 72 n ...
Position of Larval Tapeworms, Polypocephalus sp., in the Ganglia of
... more likely to be eaten by skates or rays, the probable definitive hosts of the tapeworm (Subhapradha and Hindle 1951; Caira et al. 1999; Call 2007; Koch 2009). Thus, this shrimp-tapeworm system is a potential case of parasite-induced trophic transmission (Lafferty 1999). How tapeworms influence the ...
... more likely to be eaten by skates or rays, the probable definitive hosts of the tapeworm (Subhapradha and Hindle 1951; Caira et al. 1999; Call 2007; Koch 2009). Thus, this shrimp-tapeworm system is a potential case of parasite-induced trophic transmission (Lafferty 1999). How tapeworms influence the ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... electric brain self stimulation (EBSS), which demonstrated the existence of reward centers (or pathways) inside the brain. In fact, as noted by Gallistel (1974), there are two main effects of rewarding brain stimulation. The first-one is to energize behaviors before that any conditioning had taken p ...
... electric brain self stimulation (EBSS), which demonstrated the existence of reward centers (or pathways) inside the brain. In fact, as noted by Gallistel (1974), there are two main effects of rewarding brain stimulation. The first-one is to energize behaviors before that any conditioning had taken p ...
What is a Neural Network?
... • VLSI Implementability: An ANN is well suited to be implemented using very-large-scaleintegrated (VLSI) technology. • Uniformity of Analysis and Design: Same notation (neurons being the main unit, etc.) is used in all domains involving the application of neural networks. • Neurobiological Analogy: ...
... • VLSI Implementability: An ANN is well suited to be implemented using very-large-scaleintegrated (VLSI) technology. • Uniformity of Analysis and Design: Same notation (neurons being the main unit, etc.) is used in all domains involving the application of neural networks. • Neurobiological Analogy: ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... separate parts, the matrix and striosome compartments (the latter also referred to as patches). These compartments differ histochemically from one another and have different receptors. The striosome compartment receives its major input from limbic cortex and projects primarily to the substantia nigr ...
... separate parts, the matrix and striosome compartments (the latter also referred to as patches). These compartments differ histochemically from one another and have different receptors. The striosome compartment receives its major input from limbic cortex and projects primarily to the substantia nigr ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
What insights can fMRI offer into the structure and function of mid-tier visual areas?
... Inferring neural responses from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging. Even if we take advantage of high-field systems to acquire data with submillimeter resolution, we are still acquiring data in which a single datum summarizes the responses of tens of thousands of neuron ...
... Inferring neural responses from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is challenging. Even if we take advantage of high-field systems to acquire data with submillimeter resolution, we are still acquiring data in which a single datum summarizes the responses of tens of thousands of neuron ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.