Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... behaviors require sensory information to be retained, whether in long term or short term (working) memory. Whereas neuronal activity in the ascending pathways to cortex and in primary sensory cortex itself subsides rapidly when a stimulus is removed, later stages of cortex seem to have a special cap ...
... behaviors require sensory information to be retained, whether in long term or short term (working) memory. Whereas neuronal activity in the ascending pathways to cortex and in primary sensory cortex itself subsides rapidly when a stimulus is removed, later stages of cortex seem to have a special cap ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... further show that the levels of glutamate receptor subunits NMDA receptor 1 and Glu receptor 1 are selectively reduced in LRP1 forebrain knock-out mice and in LRP1 knockdown neurons, which is partially rescued by restoring neuronal cholesterol. Together, these studies support a critical role for LRP ...
... further show that the levels of glutamate receptor subunits NMDA receptor 1 and Glu receptor 1 are selectively reduced in LRP1 forebrain knock-out mice and in LRP1 knockdown neurons, which is partially rescued by restoring neuronal cholesterol. Together, these studies support a critical role for LRP ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
gaba-mediated inhibition correlates with orientation selectivity in
... selectivity is still debated. Several studies suggested that inhibition has no effect on sharpening orientation selectivity: neurons retain their orientation selectivity in intracellular inhibition-blocked experiments (Nelson et al., 1994), cooling experiments (Ferster et al., 1996) and shock-inacti ...
... selectivity is still debated. Several studies suggested that inhibition has no effect on sharpening orientation selectivity: neurons retain their orientation selectivity in intracellular inhibition-blocked experiments (Nelson et al., 1994), cooling experiments (Ferster et al., 1996) and shock-inacti ...
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
... grid 200 200 Km, frame 60 40 Km. A 1:6 series was used for these analyses. For all sections stained for PV: grid 250 200 Km, frame 150 90 Km, 1:12 series. For all sections stained for SOM, CR and CB grid 250 180 Km, frame 180 100 Km, 1:12 series. Because of the comparatively low abundanc ...
... grid 200 200 Km, frame 60 40 Km. A 1:6 series was used for these analyses. For all sections stained for PV: grid 250 200 Km, frame 150 90 Km, 1:12 series. For all sections stained for SOM, CR and CB grid 250 180 Km, frame 180 100 Km, 1:12 series. Because of the comparatively low abundanc ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 27, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/121194. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 27, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/121194. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Next Selection - Guido de Bres
... increase the speed of the impulse by “jumping”. What are Nodes of Ranvier? ...
... increase the speed of the impulse by “jumping”. What are Nodes of Ranvier? ...
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
... cortical visual system to be explored, because it incorporates several aspects of the cortical architecture of the visual systems found in the brain, including the hierarchies present in the ventral or Ôwhat’ visual system, and the backprojections in the ventral and dorsal visual ...
... cortical visual system to be explored, because it incorporates several aspects of the cortical architecture of the visual systems found in the brain, including the hierarchies present in the ventral or Ôwhat’ visual system, and the backprojections in the ventral and dorsal visual ...
Functional architecture in monkey inferotemporal cortex revealed by
... To investigate the functional organization in the monkey inferotemporal cortex, which is the last exclusively visual area along the ventral visual cortical pathway, optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was carried out. We first conducted single-cell recordings with microelectrodes and determin ...
... To investigate the functional organization in the monkey inferotemporal cortex, which is the last exclusively visual area along the ventral visual cortical pathway, optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was carried out. We first conducted single-cell recordings with microelectrodes and determin ...
Category-specific Conceptual Processing of
... consistent with the differential laterality hypothesis, a recent study by Binder and colleagues reported that concrete word identification led to activation of distributed sources in both hemispheres, whereas abstract words activated a left frontal region including areas in the inferior and middle fr ...
... consistent with the differential laterality hypothesis, a recent study by Binder and colleagues reported that concrete word identification led to activation of distributed sources in both hemispheres, whereas abstract words activated a left frontal region including areas in the inferior and middle fr ...
Mechanism for propagation of rate signals through a 10
... can exhibit coherence resonance in response to noise only.[8] Here, the mean firing rate of layer 2, f2 is a single-peaked function of τsyn , with a maximum at τsyn = 3 ms. Accordingly, the output rate is also peaked at τsyn = 3 ms, suggesting that the propagation of rate signals can be modulated by ...
... can exhibit coherence resonance in response to noise only.[8] Here, the mean firing rate of layer 2, f2 is a single-peaked function of τsyn , with a maximum at τsyn = 3 ms. Accordingly, the output rate is also peaked at τsyn = 3 ms, suggesting that the propagation of rate signals can be modulated by ...
Hrk/DP5 contributes to the apoptosis of select neuronal populations
... homozygous mutant mice by either northern blotting or RTPCR (Fig. 1C and data not shown), confirming correct targeting of the Hrk gene. Hrk–/– homozygotes were born at the expected Mendelian frequency from heterozygote intercross matings (Hrk+/+ 45, Hrk+/– 100, Hrk–/– 60). Their appearance, fertilit ...
... homozygous mutant mice by either northern blotting or RTPCR (Fig. 1C and data not shown), confirming correct targeting of the Hrk gene. Hrk–/– homozygotes were born at the expected Mendelian frequency from heterozygote intercross matings (Hrk+/+ 45, Hrk+/– 100, Hrk–/– 60). Their appearance, fertilit ...
The Biology of Mind - American International School
... Our body’s neural information system is complexity built from simplicity. Its building blocks are neurons, or nerve cells. To fathom our thoughts and actions, memories and moods, we must first understand how neurons work and communicate. Neurons differ, but all are variations on the same theme (FIGU ...
... Our body’s neural information system is complexity built from simplicity. Its building blocks are neurons, or nerve cells. To fathom our thoughts and actions, memories and moods, we must first understand how neurons work and communicate. Neurons differ, but all are variations on the same theme (FIGU ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... interest since its dopaminergic neurons are damaged in Parkinson's disease, resulting in the pronounced motor disturbances that are associated with the disease (Chapter 43). The midbrain also contains components of the auditory and visual systems. Finally, several regions of the midbrain are connect ...
... interest since its dopaminergic neurons are damaged in Parkinson's disease, resulting in the pronounced motor disturbances that are associated with the disease (Chapter 43). The midbrain also contains components of the auditory and visual systems. Finally, several regions of the midbrain are connect ...
NEST: An Environment for Neural Systems Simulations
... to assess the dynamical properties of individual and populations of neurons and to come up with testable predictions. Computational neuroscience is, thus, a fast growing research field, dedicated to the investigation of the nervous system with the help of computer simulations. It is important to not ...
... to assess the dynamical properties of individual and populations of neurons and to come up with testable predictions. Computational neuroscience is, thus, a fast growing research field, dedicated to the investigation of the nervous system with the help of computer simulations. It is important to not ...
Artificial Neural Networks - University of Northampton
... Could be more than one layer, but theory says that only one layer is necessary The number of neurons is found by experiment Processes the inputs Connects to all neurons in the output layer The output is a sigmoid function ...
... Could be more than one layer, but theory says that only one layer is necessary The number of neurons is found by experiment Processes the inputs Connects to all neurons in the output layer The output is a sigmoid function ...
Optimized Parallel Coding of Second
... X Chengjie G. Huang and X Maurice J. Chacron Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada ...
... X Chengjie G. Huang and X Maurice J. Chacron Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
... © J. ALTMAN: NEURAL AND MENTAL EVOLUTION 6.1.2. Simian Somatic Advances. Old World monkeys are generally much larger than prosimians. Whereas the largest prosimians, like the ring-tailed lemur or the aye-aye, weigh no more than about 3 kg, the male long-tailed macaque may weigh up to 12 kg, the Hanu ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... Facial somatosensory input is relayed by trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and serially wired to brainstem, thalamus and cortex. Spatially ordered sets of target neurons generate central topographic maps reproducing the spatial arrangement of peripheral facial receptors. Facial pattern provides a nec ...
... Facial somatosensory input is relayed by trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and serially wired to brainstem, thalamus and cortex. Spatially ordered sets of target neurons generate central topographic maps reproducing the spatial arrangement of peripheral facial receptors. Facial pattern provides a nec ...
Hypothesizing that, A Pro-Dopamine Regulator (KB220Z) Should
... FDA has not approved any agent to treat psychostimulant dependence. Certainly, it is widely acceptable that dopaminergic signaling is a key factor in both the initiation and continued motivation to abuse this class of stimulant substances. It is also well accepted that psychostimulants such as cocai ...
... FDA has not approved any agent to treat psychostimulant dependence. Certainly, it is widely acceptable that dopaminergic signaling is a key factor in both the initiation and continued motivation to abuse this class of stimulant substances. It is also well accepted that psychostimulants such as cocai ...
Attention - Biology Courses Server
... Challenges in the Study of Consciousness • Small steps succeeding in studying neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) • Challenges of interpreting NCC study data – What is “minimal” brain activity sufficient for conscious experience? – Is the neural activity a prerequisite for conscious experience ...
... Challenges in the Study of Consciousness • Small steps succeeding in studying neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) • Challenges of interpreting NCC study data – What is “minimal” brain activity sufficient for conscious experience? – Is the neural activity a prerequisite for conscious experience ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... Facial somatosensory input is relayed by trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and serially wired to brainstem, thalamus and cortex. Spatially ordered sets of target neurons generate central topographic maps reproducing the spatial arrangement of peripheral facial receptors. Facial pattern provides a nec ...
... Facial somatosensory input is relayed by trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and serially wired to brainstem, thalamus and cortex. Spatially ordered sets of target neurons generate central topographic maps reproducing the spatial arrangement of peripheral facial receptors. Facial pattern provides a nec ...
Neurochemical and Cellular Reorganization of the Spinal Cord in a
... patient’s quality of life is pain. To begin to define the mechanisms that give rise to cancer pain, we examined the neurochemical changes that occur in the spinal cord and associated dorsal root ganglia in a murine model of bone cancer. Twentyone days after intramedullary injection of osteolytic sar ...
... patient’s quality of life is pain. To begin to define the mechanisms that give rise to cancer pain, we examined the neurochemical changes that occur in the spinal cord and associated dorsal root ganglia in a murine model of bone cancer. Twentyone days after intramedullary injection of osteolytic sar ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from the Body: The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System 198 Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from the Face: The Trigeminothalamic System 200 Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information from the Body 200 Central Pathways Conveyin ...
... Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from the Body: The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System 198 Central Pathways Conveying Tactile Information from the Face: The Trigeminothalamic System 200 Central Pathways Conveying Proprioceptive Information from the Body 200 Central Pathways Conveyin ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.