The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... neurotransmitter, distributed abundantly in mammalian central nervous system. Abnormal expression of these two neuropeptides evidenced in some epileptic models highlights the relevance of SST or NPY in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The tremor rat (TRM) is a genetic epileptic animal model which can ...
... neurotransmitter, distributed abundantly in mammalian central nervous system. Abnormal expression of these two neuropeptides evidenced in some epileptic models highlights the relevance of SST or NPY in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The tremor rat (TRM) is a genetic epileptic animal model which can ...
behavior?
... houses small storage pouches or synaptic vesicles. These vesicles contain neurotransmitters, the chemical Receptor sites messengers that carry signals across the synapse. A synapse is the juncPostsynaptic tion between two neurons where (receiving) neuron the axon bulb of one neuron comes into proxim ...
... houses small storage pouches or synaptic vesicles. These vesicles contain neurotransmitters, the chemical Receptor sites messengers that carry signals across the synapse. A synapse is the juncPostsynaptic tion between two neurons where (receiving) neuron the axon bulb of one neuron comes into proxim ...
A scientific theory of ars memoriae: spatial view cells in a continuous
... The hypothesis is that because the CA3 operates effectively as a single autoassociation network, it can allow arbitrary associations between inputs originating from very different parts of the cerebral cortex to be formed. These might involve associations between information originating in the tempo ...
... The hypothesis is that because the CA3 operates effectively as a single autoassociation network, it can allow arbitrary associations between inputs originating from very different parts of the cerebral cortex to be formed. These might involve associations between information originating in the tempo ...
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
... generate lactate as a metabolic intermediate, which is subsequently used as a primary fuel source for neurons (for review, see Magistretti and Allaman, 2015). Aerobic glycolysis can be described as the reliance on glycolysis, even when oxygen is not rate-limiting, with the concomitant production of ...
... generate lactate as a metabolic intermediate, which is subsequently used as a primary fuel source for neurons (for review, see Magistretti and Allaman, 2015). Aerobic glycolysis can be described as the reliance on glycolysis, even when oxygen is not rate-limiting, with the concomitant production of ...
Reticular Formation
... which projected diffusely to broad areas of the cerebral cortex. Gross stimulation produced awake state; large lesions of the medial reticular formation prevented the animal from waking up… leading to the concept that the reticular formation contained centers essential for cortical EEG activation. ...
... which projected diffusely to broad areas of the cerebral cortex. Gross stimulation produced awake state; large lesions of the medial reticular formation prevented the animal from waking up… leading to the concept that the reticular formation contained centers essential for cortical EEG activation. ...
Neural crest stem cell
... and fourth branchial arches and associated peripheral ganglia. The DiI-labelling experiments of Lumsden and colleagues suggested that r3 and r5 do not form neural crest cells, consistent with the possibility that the segmental migratory pattern reflects a patterned origin within the neural tube (Nod ...
... and fourth branchial arches and associated peripheral ganglia. The DiI-labelling experiments of Lumsden and colleagues suggested that r3 and r5 do not form neural crest cells, consistent with the possibility that the segmental migratory pattern reflects a patterned origin within the neural tube (Nod ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... behavioural responses was spatially selective: neurons activated by an unattended stimulus showed the lowest synchronization when the monkeys were particularly fast in detecting changes of the attended stimulus that were outside their neuronal receptive fields [6]. Thus, the strength of synchroniz ...
... behavioural responses was spatially selective: neurons activated by an unattended stimulus showed the lowest synchronization when the monkeys were particularly fast in detecting changes of the attended stimulus that were outside their neuronal receptive fields [6]. Thus, the strength of synchroniz ...
PDF
... at later stages may correlate with sites of placodal ingression, which continues through stage 21 (D’Amico-Martel and Noden, 1983). At the tissue level, N-cadherin expression in the ingressed placodal neurons appeared to increase with time, changing from punctate at stage 13 (Fig. 1A,B) to a more co ...
... at later stages may correlate with sites of placodal ingression, which continues through stage 21 (D’Amico-Martel and Noden, 1983). At the tissue level, N-cadherin expression in the ingressed placodal neurons appeared to increase with time, changing from punctate at stage 13 (Fig. 1A,B) to a more co ...
Amelioration of Delayed Neuronal Death in the Hippocampus by
... showeda slight but significant effect in reducing DND as comparedto the nontreated gerbils(p < 0.05). Using NGF treatment either before or after ischemia,the cell density remained almost normal. When compared to the controls sham treated with artificial CSF injection, there was a significant differe ...
... showeda slight but significant effect in reducing DND as comparedto the nontreated gerbils(p < 0.05). Using NGF treatment either before or after ischemia,the cell density remained almost normal. When compared to the controls sham treated with artificial CSF injection, there was a significant differe ...
Cholinergic Deafferentation of the Entorhinal Cortex in Rats
... familiar odors was performed for one session. The following dependent measures were taken for all testing sessions: accuracy (correct choices/all choices), latency to dig in sample cup, latency to correct choice dig, and latency to incorrect choice dig. Histology. After the completion of all behavio ...
... familiar odors was performed for one session. The following dependent measures were taken for all testing sessions: accuracy (correct choices/all choices), latency to dig in sample cup, latency to correct choice dig, and latency to incorrect choice dig. Histology. After the completion of all behavio ...
Fibroblast growth factor modulates HIV coreceptor - SGF-5000
... expression was decreased in a dose- dependent manner by FGF1. At 0.5 ng/ml FGF1, level of expression was 76% of control (untreated SH-SY5Y cells) and decreased to 15.5% of control after treatment with 25 ng/ml FGF1 (Fig. 2A). To determine the time course of the observed decrease in protein concentra ...
... expression was decreased in a dose- dependent manner by FGF1. At 0.5 ng/ml FGF1, level of expression was 76% of control (untreated SH-SY5Y cells) and decreased to 15.5% of control after treatment with 25 ng/ml FGF1 (Fig. 2A). To determine the time course of the observed decrease in protein concentra ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
diencephalon - Loyola University Medical Education Network
... a.) Identify the specific (or relay) nuclei of the thalamus, source of their afferents and which ones project to: i. Prefrontal cortex ii. Primary motor cortex iii. Somatic sensory cortex iv. Primary visual cortex v. Primary auditory cortex b.) Name the association nuclei of the thalamus and define ...
... a.) Identify the specific (or relay) nuclei of the thalamus, source of their afferents and which ones project to: i. Prefrontal cortex ii. Primary motor cortex iii. Somatic sensory cortex iv. Primary visual cortex v. Primary auditory cortex b.) Name the association nuclei of the thalamus and define ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... Akopyan, 1991; Barrett and Kirschke, 1981; Barrett et al., 1984), widely expressed by various tissues (Abrahamson et al., 1990; Lofberg et al., 1982, 1983; Paraoan et al., 2001) and present in various biological fluids including urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (Abrahamson et al., 1986; Lofberg ...
... Akopyan, 1991; Barrett and Kirschke, 1981; Barrett et al., 1984), widely expressed by various tissues (Abrahamson et al., 1990; Lofberg et al., 1982, 1983; Paraoan et al., 2001) and present in various biological fluids including urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (Abrahamson et al., 1986; Lofberg ...
BMP4 expression in the adult rat brain
... dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blotting with the antibody exhibited a single band of about 19 kD, the size consistent with a previous report (Wozney, 1989; Fig. 1C). Furthermore, pre-absorption of the antiserum with BMP4 completely abolished the immunostaining (Fig. 1D and E). These dat ...
... dose-dependent manner. In addition, western blotting with the antibody exhibited a single band of about 19 kD, the size consistent with a previous report (Wozney, 1989; Fig. 1C). Furthermore, pre-absorption of the antiserum with BMP4 completely abolished the immunostaining (Fig. 1D and E). These dat ...
Ch 12
... – A nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each of which courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. • The spinal cord connects to the brain through the foramen magnum of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column. – Thirty-one pairs of s ...
... – A nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each of which courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. • The spinal cord connects to the brain through the foramen magnum of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column. – Thirty-one pairs of s ...
Chapter 3
... – A nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each of which courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. • The spinal cord connects to the brain through the foramen magnum of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column. – Thirty-one pairs of s ...
... – A nerve is a bundle of hundreds or thousands of axons, each of which courses along a defined path and serves a specific region of the body. • The spinal cord connects to the brain through the foramen magnum of the skull and is encircled by the bones of the vertebral column. – Thirty-one pairs of s ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... the pathways through the basal ganglia are well established for saccades but have only recently been demonstrated for pursuit (Cui and others 2003). In summary, although pursuit and saccades have historically been viewed as anatomically distinct systems, new data argue that they have a similar funct ...
... the pathways through the basal ganglia are well established for saccades but have only recently been demonstrated for pursuit (Cui and others 2003). In summary, although pursuit and saccades have historically been viewed as anatomically distinct systems, new data argue that they have a similar funct ...
Location of the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus
... sulcus. Almost all penetrations in this region are unresponsive; and likewise almost all unresponsive penetrations are in this area. Posterior to the unresponsive zone, a map of the body runs along the precentral gyrus from the leg in the dorsal part of the gyrus, through the hand and arm, then to t ...
... sulcus. Almost all penetrations in this region are unresponsive; and likewise almost all unresponsive penetrations are in this area. Posterior to the unresponsive zone, a map of the body runs along the precentral gyrus from the leg in the dorsal part of the gyrus, through the hand and arm, then to t ...
Efficient Event-Driven Simulation of Large Networks of Spiking
... observe the effects of synaptic dynamics on the neural activities, longer simulations (in neural time) are required, just when everything is about to slow down because of the number of dynamical variables. It is therefore important to devise and explore simulation strategies that could make fea- ...
... observe the effects of synaptic dynamics on the neural activities, longer simulations (in neural time) are required, just when everything is about to slow down because of the number of dynamical variables. It is therefore important to devise and explore simulation strategies that could make fea- ...
Mirror neurons and the social nature of language
... neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation of the social aspects of primate cognition. Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the o ...
... neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation of the social aspects of primate cognition. Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the o ...
Development of the Spinal Nerves
... of the muscle and tendon. Each tendon organ is related to a single group Ib sensory axon (the Ib axons are slightly smaller than the Ia axons that innervate the muscle spindles). In contrast to the parallel arrangement of extrafusal muscle fibers and spindles, Golgi tendon organs are in series with ...
... of the muscle and tendon. Each tendon organ is related to a single group Ib sensory axon (the Ib axons are slightly smaller than the Ia axons that innervate the muscle spindles). In contrast to the parallel arrangement of extrafusal muscle fibers and spindles, Golgi tendon organs are in series with ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.