Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... require the function of specific parts of the brain. As we alluded to in the introduction, nineteenth century psychologists had divided memory into distinct steps. Acquisition is the initial formation of a memory as a consequence of experience and learning. Retrieval is the recall of a memory. Stora ...
... require the function of specific parts of the brain. As we alluded to in the introduction, nineteenth century psychologists had divided memory into distinct steps. Acquisition is the initial formation of a memory as a consequence of experience and learning. Retrieval is the recall of a memory. Stora ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... teleosts (Vanegas and Ebbesson, '76), and sharks (Ebbesson, '72). This absence in anurans is peculiar since the retina projects to thalamic areas (Scalia et al., '68; Neary, '76) and visual information is relayed to the telencephalon (Gruber and Ambros, '74; Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently foreb ...
... teleosts (Vanegas and Ebbesson, '76), and sharks (Ebbesson, '72). This absence in anurans is peculiar since the retina projects to thalamic areas (Scalia et al., '68; Neary, '76) and visual information is relayed to the telencephalon (Gruber and Ambros, '74; Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently foreb ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... yielding excessive excitatory synapses essential for the assembly of neural circuits. Synaptic elimination subsequently outpaces formation, resulting in net spine pruning from childhood through adolescence. Consistently, the density of dendritic spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a s ...
... yielding excessive excitatory synapses essential for the assembly of neural circuits. Synaptic elimination subsequently outpaces formation, resulting in net spine pruning from childhood through adolescence. Consistently, the density of dendritic spines peaks in early childhood and is followed by a s ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... in the presence of NADPH (Thomas and Pearse, 1964). NADPH diaphorase occurs in selected neuronal popuiations in brain, with colocalization of some NADPH diaphorase neurons with somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and choline acetyltransferase (Mizukawa et al., 1989). Considerable interest in the function ...
... in the presence of NADPH (Thomas and Pearse, 1964). NADPH diaphorase occurs in selected neuronal popuiations in brain, with colocalization of some NADPH diaphorase neurons with somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and choline acetyltransferase (Mizukawa et al., 1989). Considerable interest in the function ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... a pathway in a selective manner that allows additional insight into function. Unfortunately, a completed checklist of all these features is still not available for any of the major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of ea ...
... a pathway in a selective manner that allows additional insight into function. Unfortunately, a completed checklist of all these features is still not available for any of the major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of ea ...
An RNA-Sequencing Transcriptome and Splicing Database of Glia
... endothelial cells (10 min each), followed by a 30 min incubation on a plate coated with mouse IgM anti-O4 hybridoma (Bansal et al., 1989; 4 ml of hybridoma supernatant diluted with 8 ml of DPBS/0.2% BSA) to deplete oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and then incubated for 20 min on a plate coat ...
... endothelial cells (10 min each), followed by a 30 min incubation on a plate coated with mouse IgM anti-O4 hybridoma (Bansal et al., 1989; 4 ml of hybridoma supernatant diluted with 8 ml of DPBS/0.2% BSA) to deplete oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and then incubated for 20 min on a plate coat ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... yielding tip resistances of 5– 8 MV. Series resistance (15–30 MV) was monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reve ...
... yielding tip resistances of 5– 8 MV. Series resistance (15–30 MV) was monitored throughout the recording, and neurons exhibiting .25% change were rejected. Voltage errors attributable to series resistance and the liquid junction potential were subtracted off-line. In some instances in which the reve ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... neuronal nuclei. Such measurements necessitate access to uniform populations of neurons. Indeed, nuclear size has long been known to correlate with transcriptional activity and neurons with different identities typically have nuclei of different sizes and therefore rates of transcription that may va ...
... neuronal nuclei. Such measurements necessitate access to uniform populations of neurons. Indeed, nuclear size has long been known to correlate with transcriptional activity and neurons with different identities typically have nuclei of different sizes and therefore rates of transcription that may va ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... various models to be more susceptible to AMPA receptormediated injury than other spinal neurons. It has been hypothesized that this selective vulnerability of motoneurons is caused by the expression of highly Ca 21-permeable AMPA receptors and a complete or relative lack of the AMPA receptor subunit ...
... various models to be more susceptible to AMPA receptormediated injury than other spinal neurons. It has been hypothesized that this selective vulnerability of motoneurons is caused by the expression of highly Ca 21-permeable AMPA receptors and a complete or relative lack of the AMPA receptor subunit ...
PDF
... by which the contralateral visuotectal projection is normally mapped. The perimeter was then removed and the television screen positioned so that the MURF was approximately centred on the screen. The screen was situated 38 cm from the animal's eye. At this distance the area of the visual field occup ...
... by which the contralateral visuotectal projection is normally mapped. The perimeter was then removed and the television screen positioned so that the MURF was approximately centred on the screen. The screen was situated 38 cm from the animal's eye. At this distance the area of the visual field occup ...
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... the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in terms of the underlying biophysical mechanisms. Synchronous ...
... the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Network oscillations are attractive for cellular neurophysiologists interested in understanding network behavior in terms of the underlying biophysical mechanisms. Synchronous ...
Representation of Movement
... as occurs when a hidden animal only becomes distinct from its surroundings when it moves. Motion can also be self-generated by eye, head, or body movements. Analyzing self-motion helps calibrate proprioception and locomotion and can be used to stabilize the retinal image to prevent motioninduced blu ...
... as occurs when a hidden animal only becomes distinct from its surroundings when it moves. Motion can also be self-generated by eye, head, or body movements. Analyzing self-motion helps calibrate proprioception and locomotion and can be used to stabilize the retinal image to prevent motioninduced blu ...
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... a clue for researchers investigating the underlying neuroanatomy: Motion vision is more concerned with contrast changes and the delays that describe a moving object than with specific spectral qualities or geometrical arrangements of objects (Figure 1c). Motion vision can be wide-field, as caused by o ...
... a clue for researchers investigating the underlying neuroanatomy: Motion vision is more concerned with contrast changes and the delays that describe a moving object than with specific spectral qualities or geometrical arrangements of objects (Figure 1c). Motion vision can be wide-field, as caused by o ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons regulate its dependence on the frequency of prior stimulation, potentially altering the discriminability of tone sequences. This role for cortical inhibition in forward suppression has not been observed before. For example, ...
... influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons regulate its dependence on the frequency of prior stimulation, potentially altering the discriminability of tone sequences. This role for cortical inhibition in forward suppression has not been observed before. For example, ...
USF Hyperbaric Biomedical Research Laboratory
... (normobaria) and high barometric pressures (hyperbaria). Altered pressure environments perturb various cellular processes at the molecular level due to the effects of pressure per se, gas partial pressure alone, and/or the production of secondary reaction productions such as O2-induced free radicals ...
... (normobaria) and high barometric pressures (hyperbaria). Altered pressure environments perturb various cellular processes at the molecular level due to the effects of pressure per se, gas partial pressure alone, and/or the production of secondary reaction productions such as O2-induced free radicals ...
• 1 1) The nonspecific ascending pathways ______. A) are
... A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromotor junction Answer: A 25 25) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia Answer: A 26 26) The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe ...
... A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromotor junction Answer: A 25 25) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia Answer: A 26 26) The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe ...
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic connections are involved in the control of emotional behavior, whereas the prefrontalstriatal connections are involved in th ...
... the prefrontal cortex is not entirely known, but can be inferred from the functional role of the structures with which it is connected. In general terms, the prefrontal-limbic connections are involved in the control of emotional behavior, whereas the prefrontalstriatal connections are involved in th ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.