Psychology Chapter A - Oxford University Press
... the railway tracks out of the station directly to Cape Town. Similarly, the message travels down the neuron axon which transmits the message to other neurons. The axon goes straight to the terminal buttons or axon terminals (this would be Cape Town station for the train on which you are travelling). ...
... the railway tracks out of the station directly to Cape Town. Similarly, the message travels down the neuron axon which transmits the message to other neurons. The axon goes straight to the terminal buttons or axon terminals (this would be Cape Town station for the train on which you are travelling). ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... perform the same, ‘old’ functions across extant species; rather, the emotional brain of primates can be thought of as a palimpsest in evolutionary terms. Even the function of homologous structures across species may have been co-opted for new or species-specific purposes. Thus, even as we refer to c ...
... perform the same, ‘old’ functions across extant species; rather, the emotional brain of primates can be thought of as a palimpsest in evolutionary terms. Even the function of homologous structures across species may have been co-opted for new or species-specific purposes. Thus, even as we refer to c ...
Bridging Cytoarchitectonics and Connectomics in Human Cerebral
... variation in macroscale connectivity profile has been directly related to the type of information processed by cortical regions, with densely wired “brain hubs” noted to show high spatial overlap with functional multimodal association areas and, accordingly, being thought to act as central integrati ...
... variation in macroscale connectivity profile has been directly related to the type of information processed by cortical regions, with densely wired “brain hubs” noted to show high spatial overlap with functional multimodal association areas and, accordingly, being thought to act as central integrati ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... Hz) rhythms, the waves underwent digital filtering with a square window. Activities were filtered for different analyses between 10 and 100 Hz or between 20130 and 50160 Hz (see legends of figures). The figures depict both the original and the filtered traces of field potentials and intracellular ac ...
... Hz) rhythms, the waves underwent digital filtering with a square window. Activities were filtered for different analyses between 10 and 100 Hz or between 20130 and 50160 Hz (see legends of figures). The figures depict both the original and the filtered traces of field potentials and intracellular ac ...
The Role of Dopamine in Locomotor ... 173
... no change in locomotion, decreased locomotion and others have reported an ~~c~e~e~3,1~.1~.One possibility is that this discrepancy arose because of partial damage to VTA DA neurons in some studies, an interpretation supported by the finding that targe 6-OHDA Iesions of VTA produced hypoactivity wher ...
... no change in locomotion, decreased locomotion and others have reported an ~~c~e~e~3,1~.1~.One possibility is that this discrepancy arose because of partial damage to VTA DA neurons in some studies, an interpretation supported by the finding that targe 6-OHDA Iesions of VTA produced hypoactivity wher ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
Lateral Zone
... outer most. It consists of outer stellate and inner basket cells. it contains dendrites and nerve fibers which come from the deeper layers. ...
... outer most. It consists of outer stellate and inner basket cells. it contains dendrites and nerve fibers which come from the deeper layers. ...
Ion Channels in Bursting Neurons
... that the conductances found in this axon are fewer and more simplified than those found in any other region of a typical neuron. The reason is that axons, in general, are highly customized neural structures. In the squid, the giant axon is solely responsible for assuring the rapid and regular conduc ...
... that the conductances found in this axon are fewer and more simplified than those found in any other region of a typical neuron. The reason is that axons, in general, are highly customized neural structures. In the squid, the giant axon is solely responsible for assuring the rapid and regular conduc ...
Time representation in reinforcement learning models of
... These findings have prompted a search for alternative time representations1. Here we will discuss two of these alternatives (see also Nakahara & Kaveri, 2010; Rivest et al., 2010; Suri & Schultz, 1999): (1) the microstimulus representation and (2) states with variable durations (a semi-Markov forma ...
... These findings have prompted a search for alternative time representations1. Here we will discuss two of these alternatives (see also Nakahara & Kaveri, 2010; Rivest et al., 2010; Suri & Schultz, 1999): (1) the microstimulus representation and (2) states with variable durations (a semi-Markov forma ...
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... (3) Selective elimination of layer V corticospinal tracts The mammalian neocortex is organized into five layers of neurons. Pyramidal neurons in layer V (L5) signal cortical output to other regions in the CNS. Layer V neurons from different cortical areas project axons to different targets: L5 neur ...
... (3) Selective elimination of layer V corticospinal tracts The mammalian neocortex is organized into five layers of neurons. Pyramidal neurons in layer V (L5) signal cortical output to other regions in the CNS. Layer V neurons from different cortical areas project axons to different targets: L5 neur ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describe cortical types quantitatively (Dombrowski et al. 2001). As novel markers are introduced, investig ...
... of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describe cortical types quantitatively (Dombrowski et al. 2001). As novel markers are introduced, investig ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... Projection Fibers — fibers that leave the cerebral white matter. Projection fibers form the internal capsule. Two categories of projection fibers are: 1] corticofugal: terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord; 2] corticopedal: typically originate in thalamus & terminate in cerebral c ...
... Projection Fibers — fibers that leave the cerebral white matter. Projection fibers form the internal capsule. Two categories of projection fibers are: 1] corticofugal: terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord; 2] corticopedal: typically originate in thalamus & terminate in cerebral c ...
Sense Making Taste
... sweet and bitter substances appear to be present at birth and to depend on neural connections within the lower brain stem. Animals with their forebrains surgically disconnected and anencephalic human newborns (those lacking a forebrain) show facial responses normally associated with pleasure and dis ...
... sweet and bitter substances appear to be present at birth and to depend on neural connections within the lower brain stem. Animals with their forebrains surgically disconnected and anencephalic human newborns (those lacking a forebrain) show facial responses normally associated with pleasure and dis ...
LINKING PROPOSITIONS*
... visual scientists are interested in explaining psychophysical data on the basis of the properties of the neural substrate, we must be said to be interested precisely in the formulation, testing, accepting and falsifying of linking propositions. Yet explicit, systematic discussions of linking proposi ...
... visual scientists are interested in explaining psychophysical data on the basis of the properties of the neural substrate, we must be said to be interested precisely in the formulation, testing, accepting and falsifying of linking propositions. Yet explicit, systematic discussions of linking proposi ...
Slide 1
... ► Anti-TRH (DMH neuron marker), anti-orexin-A, antiglutamate, anti-GAD67 (GABA synthase marker) ...
... ► Anti-TRH (DMH neuron marker), anti-orexin-A, antiglutamate, anti-GAD67 (GABA synthase marker) ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
... need, underscoring the importance of understanding the pathophysiologic processes that underlie addiction and its persistence. A major challenge in studying addiction, or any complex behavioral disorder, is the limitations of animal models. Animal models have proved particularly useful in understand ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial prefrontal region, including area 9 dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although rece ...
... There are several additional cortices situated anteriorly within the medial prefrontal region, including area 9 dorsally, area 14 rostroventrally, and area 10, which caps the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although rece ...
DSP-4 (N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine)
... cause the local damage effects that have been found with intracerebral injections of 6-OHDA (Poirier et al., 1972; Butcher et al., 1975). Second, DSP4 is more selective than 6-OHDA for central NA endings than for peripheral NA endings (Ross, 1976; Jaim-Etcheverry and Zieher, 1980; Jonsson et al., 19 ...
... cause the local damage effects that have been found with intracerebral injections of 6-OHDA (Poirier et al., 1972; Butcher et al., 1975). Second, DSP4 is more selective than 6-OHDA for central NA endings than for peripheral NA endings (Ross, 1976; Jaim-Etcheverry and Zieher, 1980; Jonsson et al., 19 ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... between OPCs and axons, both in the hippocampus and the cerebellum12,13. These OPCs can receive input mediated by the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)14,15. The functional significance of these neuron-to-glia synapses is not known. Although a matter of speculation at presen ...
... between OPCs and axons, both in the hippocampus and the cerebellum12,13. These OPCs can receive input mediated by the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)14,15. The functional significance of these neuron-to-glia synapses is not known. Although a matter of speculation at presen ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... To Mom, Dad, Joey and Andrea: Thank you for always being there for me. Thank you for putting up with me. Thank you for being you. I love you all dearly. To Monique: None of this if not for you. To Sarah: Thank you for answering every one of my stupid questions. Your help and friendship is appreciate ...
... To Mom, Dad, Joey and Andrea: Thank you for always being there for me. Thank you for putting up with me. Thank you for being you. I love you all dearly. To Monique: None of this if not for you. To Sarah: Thank you for answering every one of my stupid questions. Your help and friendship is appreciate ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... recently, the contribution of genetics to obesity was not clear. The identification over the last few years of a number of different genetic mutations in signaling molecules and their receptors that result in changes in body weight has redefined this field of neuroscience (Spiegelman and Flier, 1996 ...
... recently, the contribution of genetics to obesity was not clear. The identification over the last few years of a number of different genetic mutations in signaling molecules and their receptors that result in changes in body weight has redefined this field of neuroscience (Spiegelman and Flier, 1996 ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... and psychological dependence, characterized by the expression of withdrawal symptoms including both somatic and affective components, upon cessation of drug administration. In animals, morphine withdrawal produces various characteristic somatic signs, as well as disruption of schedule-controlled ope ...
... and psychological dependence, characterized by the expression of withdrawal symptoms including both somatic and affective components, upon cessation of drug administration. In animals, morphine withdrawal produces various characteristic somatic signs, as well as disruption of schedule-controlled ope ...
Coding of relative size in monkey inferotemporal cortex
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
... the four versions of each shape (during the 200-ms image presentation period), with the sizes of the large (1x/2x) and small (1x/2x) part as factors. As described earlier, main effects represent sensitivity to absolute size of a part, whereas interaction effects represent nonlinear interactions betw ...
Computation by Oscillations: Implications of Experimental Data
... Recordings in awake, behaving animals demonstrate that cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) show ‘‘grid cell’’ firing activity when a rat explores an open environment. Intracellular recording in slices from different positions along the dorsal to ventral axis show differences in intrinsic propert ...
... Recordings in awake, behaving animals demonstrate that cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) show ‘‘grid cell’’ firing activity when a rat explores an open environment. Intracellular recording in slices from different positions along the dorsal to ventral axis show differences in intrinsic propert ...
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.