Neural control of the circulation - Advances in Physiology Education
... are essential to maintain vital perfusion of the heart and brain in the face of physiological and environmental challenges. For example, the seemingly simple act of moving from a supine to standing position requires rapid adjustments in regional blood flows and blood volumes to maintain arterial pre ...
... are essential to maintain vital perfusion of the heart and brain in the face of physiological and environmental challenges. For example, the seemingly simple act of moving from a supine to standing position requires rapid adjustments in regional blood flows and blood volumes to maintain arterial pre ...
Sensory Pathways
... many action potentials generated by a single sensory receptor are added into a single signal. Integration also occurs in the CNS, where signals from multiple sensory receptors are integrated into a single signal. As a result of integration, many small stimuli are perceived as a single strong stimulu ...
... many action potentials generated by a single sensory receptor are added into a single signal. Integration also occurs in the CNS, where signals from multiple sensory receptors are integrated into a single signal. As a result of integration, many small stimuli are perceived as a single strong stimulu ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
PDF
... It is clear that “hearing” involves more than simply the transduction of vibrations in air. At a most basic level, we must detect sounds. Once a sound is detected, several processes are immediately initiated. There is a need to localize the sound source. This task requires the two ears and knowledge ...
... It is clear that “hearing” involves more than simply the transduction of vibrations in air. At a most basic level, we must detect sounds. Once a sound is detected, several processes are immediately initiated. There is a need to localize the sound source. This task requires the two ears and knowledge ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... further bolstered by claims of uniformity in the basic columnar architecture of the cerebral cortex (Rockel et al., 1980). Second, findings from the first systematic studies of great ape behavior from the field and laboratory were beginning to be appreciated (e.g., Kortlandt, 1962; Schaller, 1963; e ...
... further bolstered by claims of uniformity in the basic columnar architecture of the cerebral cortex (Rockel et al., 1980). Second, findings from the first systematic studies of great ape behavior from the field and laboratory were beginning to be appreciated (e.g., Kortlandt, 1962; Schaller, 1963; e ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... The staining intensity of single pixels was scored in gray scale units on the mounted digital pictures using the commercial program DP-soft and DOK U (Olympus). Gray scale units ranged between 0 (black) and 255 (white). The “gray values” of the 10 strongest stained pixels within the terminal region ...
... The staining intensity of single pixels was scored in gray scale units on the mounted digital pictures using the commercial program DP-soft and DOK U (Olympus). Gray scale units ranged between 0 (black) and 255 (white). The “gray values” of the 10 strongest stained pixels within the terminal region ...
vited Re vie w ln Substance P: A neurotransmitter of
... between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at any particular site. Of course both the ligand and the receptor are required for activity, however there is no apparent correlation across al1 CNS regions between the dens ...
... between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at any particular site. Of course both the ligand and the receptor are required for activity, however there is no apparent correlation across al1 CNS regions between the dens ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... according to the problem being studied. In the present case the axons of cells in the vestibular and reticular nuclei that run directly to the motor nucleus and are stimulated by the shock are not called intemuncials because they are made to play the role of afferent fibers; but if the shocks were d ...
... according to the problem being studied. In the present case the axons of cells in the vestibular and reticular nuclei that run directly to the motor nucleus and are stimulated by the shock are not called intemuncials because they are made to play the role of afferent fibers; but if the shocks were d ...
What can mice tell us about how vision works?
... manipulate specific cell types and circuits. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mouse visual system at the anatomical, receptive field and perceptual level, focusing on the opportunities and constraints those features provide toward the goal of understanding how vision w ...
... manipulate specific cell types and circuits. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mouse visual system at the anatomical, receptive field and perceptual level, focusing on the opportunities and constraints those features provide toward the goal of understanding how vision w ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... when either a large reward or a large penalty was expected (Figures 2D, E). Since activity persisted throughout the delay into the time when the monkey was making the behavioral response and because enhancement was observed in neurons with response direction selectivity, changes in firing were inter ...
... when either a large reward or a large penalty was expected (Figures 2D, E). Since activity persisted throughout the delay into the time when the monkey was making the behavioral response and because enhancement was observed in neurons with response direction selectivity, changes in firing were inter ...
Robust path integration in the entorhinal grid cell - cneuro
... these can be used by the animal to execute several tasks required for its survival. One such task is navigation for which animals at different levels of development use different types of sensory inputs. In rodents these types include auditory, tactile, visual (allothetic) and self-motion (idiotheti ...
... these can be used by the animal to execute several tasks required for its survival. One such task is navigation for which animals at different levels of development use different types of sensory inputs. In rodents these types include auditory, tactile, visual (allothetic) and self-motion (idiotheti ...
Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Category Learning: the Role
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
Full text - Ip Lab - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
... Whereas EphB forward signaling promotes spine growth, activation of EphA4, which is also prominently expressed at both dendritic spines and extrasynaptic regions of hippocampal neurons, produces opposite effects on spine morphology. Treatment of dissociated cultured neurons or adult hippocampal slic ...
... Whereas EphB forward signaling promotes spine growth, activation of EphA4, which is also prominently expressed at both dendritic spines and extrasynaptic regions of hippocampal neurons, produces opposite effects on spine morphology. Treatment of dissociated cultured neurons or adult hippocampal slic ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... sensory neuroscience. Recent advances in genomics and molecular neurobiology have provided an unprecedented level of detail into how the adult Drosophila olfactory system is organized. Volatile odorants are sensed by two bilaterally symmetric olfactory sensory appendages, the third segment of the an ...
... sensory neuroscience. Recent advances in genomics and molecular neurobiology have provided an unprecedented level of detail into how the adult Drosophila olfactory system is organized. Volatile odorants are sensed by two bilaterally symmetric olfactory sensory appendages, the third segment of the an ...
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
... sees, hears, feels, moves, remembers, and dreams. Just as an understanding of neuronal structure is necessary for understanding neuronal function, we must understand nervous system structure in order to understand brain function. Neuroanatomy has challenged generations of students—and for good reaso ...
... sees, hears, feels, moves, remembers, and dreams. Just as an understanding of neuronal structure is necessary for understanding neuronal function, we must understand nervous system structure in order to understand brain function. Neuroanatomy has challenged generations of students—and for good reaso ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... and Fuster, J. M., 1989). Other neurons recorded in this region receive proprioceptive signals from multiple joints that aid perception of integrated body postures (Duffy, F. H. and Burchfiel, J. L., 1971; Sakata, H. et al., 1973). Although many of these physiological studies attributed recording si ...
... and Fuster, J. M., 1989). Other neurons recorded in this region receive proprioceptive signals from multiple joints that aid perception of integrated body postures (Duffy, F. H. and Burchfiel, J. L., 1971; Sakata, H. et al., 1973). Although many of these physiological studies attributed recording si ...
Presynaptic Modulation of the Retinogeniculate Synapse
... dextran dyes resulted in patchy labeling of the LGN when compared with that seen with the lipophilic indicator Di-I (Chen and Regehr, 2000), suggesting that a smaller population of RGCs was labeled (Fig. 3A, left). A high-power view of an intensely labeled region shows that the fluorescence arises f ...
... dextran dyes resulted in patchy labeling of the LGN when compared with that seen with the lipophilic indicator Di-I (Chen and Regehr, 2000), suggesting that a smaller population of RGCs was labeled (Fig. 3A, left). A high-power view of an intensely labeled region shows that the fluorescence arises f ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... an operant chamber (Verhagen et al., 2007). Electrophysiological recordings and data analyses. Spike waveforms (of To ensure odor sampling, rats were first water deprived and, in two to no less than 3:1 signal-to-noise ratio) and local field potentials (LFPs) five adaptation sessions, trained to rec ...
... an operant chamber (Verhagen et al., 2007). Electrophysiological recordings and data analyses. Spike waveforms (of To ensure odor sampling, rats were first water deprived and, in two to no less than 3:1 signal-to-noise ratio) and local field potentials (LFPs) five adaptation sessions, trained to rec ...
Rebound spiking properties of mouse medial entorhinal cortex neurons in vivo NEUROSYSTEMS
... The medial entorhinal cortex is the gateway between the cortex and hippocampus, and plays a critical role in spatial coding as represented by grid cell activity. In the medial entorhinal cortex, inhibitory circuits are robust, and the presence of the h-current leads to rebound potentials and rebound ...
... The medial entorhinal cortex is the gateway between the cortex and hippocampus, and plays a critical role in spatial coding as represented by grid cell activity. In the medial entorhinal cortex, inhibitory circuits are robust, and the presence of the h-current leads to rebound potentials and rebound ...
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in
... Achase activity in the medulla oblongata, pons and thalamus, without affecting the enzymes activity in the striatum, hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The present data agree with the reported heterogeneous distribution of Achase activity in different regions of the rats brain (8,9) and they also ind ...
... Achase activity in the medulla oblongata, pons and thalamus, without affecting the enzymes activity in the striatum, hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The present data agree with the reported heterogeneous distribution of Achase activity in different regions of the rats brain (8,9) and they also ind ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display1. The difficulty of the task was controlled by varying the fraction of coherently moving dots. At high motion coherences, the animal can commit to an action the moment the stimulus is seen. In contrast, near psychophysical threshold, the monkey mus ...
... direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display1. The difficulty of the task was controlled by varying the fraction of coherently moving dots. At high motion coherences, the animal can commit to an action the moment the stimulus is seen. In contrast, near psychophysical threshold, the monkey mus ...
Using light to tell the time of day: sensory coding in the mammalian
... entrain to light levels below those typically encountered at civil twilight (see Glossary), whereas mice lacking both melanopsin and cone phototransduction retain robust photoentrainment (Altimus et al., 2010). In line with these data, spectral comparisons in retinally intact mice with red-shifted c ...
... entrain to light levels below those typically encountered at civil twilight (see Glossary), whereas mice lacking both melanopsin and cone phototransduction retain robust photoentrainment (Altimus et al., 2010). In line with these data, spectral comparisons in retinally intact mice with red-shifted c ...
Nervous Tissue
... buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the membrane and positive ions in the extracellular fluid along the outside of the membrane. The potential energy is measured in millivolts (mV). ...
... buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the membrane and positive ions in the extracellular fluid along the outside of the membrane. The potential energy is measured in millivolts (mV). ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.