The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... named it enteramine. It was soon detected also in the central nervous system (Twarog and Page, 1953) and identified as the heterocyclic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (Erspamer and Asero, 1952). Subsequent studies demonstrated the amine's effect on smooth muscle contraction and it became regarded as a lo ...
... named it enteramine. It was soon detected also in the central nervous system (Twarog and Page, 1953) and identified as the heterocyclic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (Erspamer and Asero, 1952). Subsequent studies demonstrated the amine's effect on smooth muscle contraction and it became regarded as a lo ...
Making Arm Movements Within Different Parts of Space: Dynamic
... studied. The signals of single neurons were isolated using a time-amplitude window discriminator, recorded in the form of interspike intervals with 0.1 msec resolution, displayed on-line as rasters of spikes, and stored in digital form. The depth at which each cell was studied along a penetration wa ...
... studied. The signals of single neurons were isolated using a time-amplitude window discriminator, recorded in the form of interspike intervals with 0.1 msec resolution, displayed on-line as rasters of spikes, and stored in digital form. The depth at which each cell was studied along a penetration wa ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... receptors have also been detected and recorded at extrasynaptic sites (Clark et al. 1997; Häusser and Roth 1997; Rao and Craig 1997; Rosenmund et al. 1995; Spruston et al. 1995). Dendritic recordings in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and in cerebellar Purkinje cells have provided evidence that the f ...
... receptors have also been detected and recorded at extrasynaptic sites (Clark et al. 1997; Häusser and Roth 1997; Rao and Craig 1997; Rosenmund et al. 1995; Spruston et al. 1995). Dendritic recordings in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and in cerebellar Purkinje cells have provided evidence that the f ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... eye. The capacity for the primary visual cortex to undergo this change is limited to the first few months or years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has ...
... eye. The capacity for the primary visual cortex to undergo this change is limited to the first few months or years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has ...
![Acetylcholine Acetylcholine IUPAC name[hide] 2-Acetoxy](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001757659_1-dd3a11ed2d1408ee2f9aa2f256cd3204-300x300.png)
Acetylcholine Acetylcholine IUPAC name[hide] 2-Acetoxy
... Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to directly excite neurons.[7] A ...
... Acetylcholine also has other effects on neurons. One effect is to cause a slow depolarization[citation needed] by blocking a tonically-active K+ current, which increases neuronal excitability. Alternatively, acetylcholine can activate non-specific cation conductances to directly excite neurons.[7] A ...
Supplement to: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... transmission is believed to occur mainly at retinal photoreceptors and some retinal interneurons, in auditory hair cells of the cochlea, and in electroreceptors of the lateral line organ in fish and amphibians (see6-9). Graded transmission is believed to be particularly important for connections tha ...
... transmission is believed to occur mainly at retinal photoreceptors and some retinal interneurons, in auditory hair cells of the cochlea, and in electroreceptors of the lateral line organ in fish and amphibians (see6-9). Graded transmission is believed to be particularly important for connections tha ...
Evolving Robots Able to Visually Discriminate Between - laral
... toward S independently of the relative size of the two objects. In other words, robots determine which is the target object by exploiting sensory-motor coordination. This can be illustrated by analyzing the behavior of the individual shown in Fig. 5 that represents the typical strategy adopted by ev ...
... toward S independently of the relative size of the two objects. In other words, robots determine which is the target object by exploiting sensory-motor coordination. This can be illustrated by analyzing the behavior of the individual shown in Fig. 5 that represents the typical strategy adopted by ev ...
Synaptic function: Dendritic democracy
... a somato-dendritic gradient, in a manner that has important functional consequences. This indicates that there must be general mechanisms by which protein density, and possibly also dendritic structure, may be regulated depending on dendritic distance. A particularly interesting question is how dend ...
... a somato-dendritic gradient, in a manner that has important functional consequences. This indicates that there must be general mechanisms by which protein density, and possibly also dendritic structure, may be regulated depending on dendritic distance. A particularly interesting question is how dend ...
Rotatory nystagmus - Besøk daftpunk.no
... The results of a lesion in the LEFT vestibular nerve on vestibulospinal reflex. Lesions involving the vestibular nerve, nuclei, and descending pathways will result in problems such as stumbling or falling towards the side of the lesion. Think of the normal side as being in control and pushing agains ...
... The results of a lesion in the LEFT vestibular nerve on vestibulospinal reflex. Lesions involving the vestibular nerve, nuclei, and descending pathways will result in problems such as stumbling or falling towards the side of the lesion. Think of the normal side as being in control and pushing agains ...
Supplement: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... transmission is believed to occur mainly at retinal photoreceptors and some retinal interneurons, in auditory hair cells of the cochlea, and in electroreceptors of the lateral line organ in fish and amphibians (see6-9). Graded transmission is believed to be particularly important for connections tha ...
... transmission is believed to occur mainly at retinal photoreceptors and some retinal interneurons, in auditory hair cells of the cochlea, and in electroreceptors of the lateral line organ in fish and amphibians (see6-9). Graded transmission is believed to be particularly important for connections tha ...
Control of Appetite and Food Preference by NMDA Receptor and Its
... that influence homeostatic appetite can also affect the hedonic aspect of appetite. Furthermore, the melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, a ...
... that influence homeostatic appetite can also affect the hedonic aspect of appetite. Furthermore, the melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, a ...
`off` responses in cat visual cortical receptive fields
... possible role of neuronal co-activity in controlling the plasticity of the spatial ‘on—off’ organization of visual cortical receptive fields (RFs). 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fixed position of the RF and preset levels of postsynaptic firing (imposed iontophoretically) w ...
... possible role of neuronal co-activity in controlling the plasticity of the spatial ‘on—off’ organization of visual cortical receptive fields (RFs). 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fixed position of the RF and preset levels of postsynaptic firing (imposed iontophoretically) w ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... subfields in the hippocampus, where spatial encoding is processed, in several ways. It decreases the number of pyramidal neurons (16, 17, 21) and spines (26), and it decreases the amount of synaptic formation (18) and neurotrophic receptor expression (16). The function of the affected neurons is als ...
... subfields in the hippocampus, where spatial encoding is processed, in several ways. It decreases the number of pyramidal neurons (16, 17, 21) and spines (26), and it decreases the amount of synaptic formation (18) and neurotrophic receptor expression (16). The function of the affected neurons is als ...
Enriched Expression of GluD1 in Higher Brain Regions and Its
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
Edward Jones
... but it was still possible to fail and be dismissed from the School. The Anatomists, led by Bill Adams, were exceptionally good teachers, although in 1958 they had not yet heard of the structure of DNA, revealed some 5 years previously. Biochemistry was still at the level of the Krebs cycle, to the e ...
... but it was still possible to fail and be dismissed from the School. The Anatomists, led by Bill Adams, were exceptionally good teachers, although in 1958 they had not yet heard of the structure of DNA, revealed some 5 years previously. Biochemistry was still at the level of the Krebs cycle, to the e ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... DSHB by E. Buchner (DSHB Hybridoma Product 3C11 (anti SYNORF1)) [25]. For doublestaining the antibodies were appropriately combined: primary antibody produced in rabbit (i.e. anti serotonin or anti FMRFamide) with primary antibody produced in mouse (i.e. anti acetylated α-tubulin or anti SYNORF). To ...
... DSHB by E. Buchner (DSHB Hybridoma Product 3C11 (anti SYNORF1)) [25]. For doublestaining the antibodies were appropriately combined: primary antibody produced in rabbit (i.e. anti serotonin or anti FMRFamide) with primary antibody produced in mouse (i.e. anti acetylated α-tubulin or anti SYNORF). To ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Parter 1
... did provide a sufficient interaction to show that Jendrassik’s maneuver increases the conduction velocity when compared to baseline. Similarly, fatigue showed the same increase in conduction velocity from baseline. However, the mental distraction showed a negative interaction, where the activity led ...
... did provide a sufficient interaction to show that Jendrassik’s maneuver increases the conduction velocity when compared to baseline. Similarly, fatigue showed the same increase in conduction velocity from baseline. However, the mental distraction showed a negative interaction, where the activity led ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
New perspectives on the evolution of protochordate sensory and
... (1961) of late larvae and adults. There is, therefore, no evidence as yet to support the claim that the dorsal part of the nerve cord is anything other than primitive, or that amphioxus ever had a signi¢cantly more elaborate complement of sense organs than it does now. Comparing the amphioxus CNS wi ...
... (1961) of late larvae and adults. There is, therefore, no evidence as yet to support the claim that the dorsal part of the nerve cord is anything other than primitive, or that amphioxus ever had a signi¢cantly more elaborate complement of sense organs than it does now. Comparing the amphioxus CNS wi ...
Review - Society for Developmental Biology
... retina in the mature animal is generated from a small zone of mitotically active cells at the peripheral margin of the retina. This zone has been called a variety of names in the literature, but we will use the term ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), due to its location at the junction between the ciliary ...
... retina in the mature animal is generated from a small zone of mitotically active cells at the peripheral margin of the retina. This zone has been called a variety of names in the literature, but we will use the term ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), due to its location at the junction between the ciliary ...
The Circuitry of V1 and V2 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... Such isoluminant stimuli appear invisible to the magno system’s “color blind” cells. Therefore, they reasoned, the loss of depth sensation at isoluminance indicates that magno cells handle stereo perception. In addition, they noted that the sensation of motion dissolves when a moving red/green grati ...
... Such isoluminant stimuli appear invisible to the magno system’s “color blind” cells. Therefore, they reasoned, the loss of depth sensation at isoluminance indicates that magno cells handle stereo perception. In addition, they noted that the sensation of motion dissolves when a moving red/green grati ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels (although ATP was included in the internal solution to minimize such changes) or other consequences of dialysis. To evaluate this issue, in early exploratory experiments, we measured potassium currents from dendrites in the ...
... might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels (although ATP was included in the internal solution to minimize such changes) or other consequences of dialysis. To evaluate this issue, in early exploratory experiments, we measured potassium currents from dendrites in the ...
Evidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3
... primary visual cortex (area V1) is involved in the neural process of spatial localization or not. The demonstration of the effects of changing the viewing distance (see above) on the neural activity of V1 cells strongly suggest that area V1 also participates to the neural process of spatial localizat ...
... primary visual cortex (area V1) is involved in the neural process of spatial localization or not. The demonstration of the effects of changing the viewing distance (see above) on the neural activity of V1 cells strongly suggest that area V1 also participates to the neural process of spatial localizat ...
Conduction Velocity and Patellar Reflex Blah A. Blah Partner B
... did provide a sufficient interaction to show that Jendrassik’s maneuver increases the conduction velocity when compared to baseline. Similarly, fatigue showed the same increase in conduction velocity from baseline. However, the mental distraction showed a negative interaction, where the activity led ...
... did provide a sufficient interaction to show that Jendrassik’s maneuver increases the conduction velocity when compared to baseline. Similarly, fatigue showed the same increase in conduction velocity from baseline. However, the mental distraction showed a negative interaction, where the activity led ...
Physiology and mathematical modeling of the auditory system
... In this chapter we will discuss how the nervous system processes auditory information. We will need to combine some knowledge from anatomy (to know which structures participate), electrophysiology (that tells us the properties of these structures), and, finally, mathematical modeling (as a powerful ...
... In this chapter we will discuss how the nervous system processes auditory information. We will need to combine some knowledge from anatomy (to know which structures participate), electrophysiology (that tells us the properties of these structures), and, finally, mathematical modeling (as a powerful ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.